Appendix V Statistical Tables
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International Monetary Fund
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English
Print Publication Date:
15 Dec 1988
Keywords:
OP; GATT publication; trade; GATT classification; GATT document; industrial country; import penetration; trade data; purchase price; OECD country; Imports; General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; Tariffs; Exports; Trade barriers; Africa; Australia and New Zealand; North America; Eastern Europe; Europe
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Abstract

List of Tables

List of Tables

Table A1.

Shares in World Merchandise Exports, 1963-861

(In percent)

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Sources: GATT, IMF, UN, UNCTAD; and Fund staff estimates. Based on GATT classifications (see Appendix III).

Based on nominal U.S. dollar values.

The most recent year for which comprehensive data are available.

EC (10): Belgium, Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.

The newly industrializing economies of Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan Province of China.

Table A2.

Shares in World Exports of Manufactures,1 1963-862

(In percent)

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Sources: GATT, IMF, UN, UNCTAD; and Fund staff estimates. Based on GATT classifications (see Appendix III).

Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) categories 5 through 8 minus 68.

Based on nominal U.S. dollar values.

EC (10): Belgium, Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.

The newly industrializing economies of Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan Province of China.

Table A3.

Depth of Tariff Reductions and Post-Tokyo Round Tariff Averages

(In percent)

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Source: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Secretariat.

The standard deviation of the average tariff rates shown exceeds one in all the countries listed.

Table A4.

Importance of GATT Tariff Bindings in Industrial Countries1

(In percent)

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Sources: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).

Tariff bindings are upper limits on tariffs agreed to in GATT. All data refer to 1984 except Australia (1980/81) and New Zealand (1983/84). Since the launching of the Uruguay Round in 1986, Australia and New Zealand have offered to bind a larger proportion of their tariffs.

Refers to imports subject to a most-favored-nation tariff.

Table A5.

Regional Trading Groups: Share of Intra-Area Exports in World Exports, 1960-861

(In percent of world exports)

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Sources: International Monetary Fund, Direction of Trade Statistics; and Commission of the European Communities, Eurostat.

Among industrial countries. Trade among developing countries subject to preferential arrangements amounts to only 1.2 percent of world exports. Trade between the EC and 66 African, Caribbean, and Pacific countries (ACP) subject to preferential arrangements under the Lomé Convention amounts to 1.8 percent of world exports. A negligible share of world trade occurs under association and cooperation agreements between the EC and Mediterranean countries.

Includes the original six members plus Denmark, Greece, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. Internal trade barriers among the EC(6) were abolished and a common external tariff came into effect in 1968.

The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) is a free trade area comprising Austria, Finland, Iceland, Sweden, Switzerland, and Norway. The United Kingdom and Denmark departed from EFTA in 1974 to join the EC.

A free trade area for industrial products was progressively established between the EC and EFTA over the period 1972-84.

The U.S.-Canada automotive pact, a sectoral free trade agreement covering automobiles and parts, was concluded in 1965. Trade under the pact accounts for one third of trade between the two countries. A free trade agreement covering all products is expected to come into effect in 1989, subject to ratification.

Preferential trading arrangement under the South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Agreement (Sparteca), established in 1981 and including Fiji, Papua New Guinea, and other small Pacific countries. Preferential trading also occurs under the Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Agreement (Anzcerta). In June 1988, the agreement was expanded to include services and the date of elimination of all trade barriers was brought forward to July 1990.

This figure rises to 37.3 percent if Spain and Portugal are added to the EC(10).

A framework trade agreement was signed in February 1988. The agreement does not contemplate a free trade area.

Table A6.

Industrial Countries: Antidumping Investigations and Actions, 1981-871

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Sources: Finger and Olechowski (1987); General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, “Semi-Annual Reports Under Article 14:4 of the Agreement” (Geneva), various issues. Based on GATT classifications (see Appendix III).

The countries listed have initiated virtually all the antidumping investigations undertaken worldwide. Actions taken include the imposition of definitive duties and minimum price undertakings by exporting countries. Investigations include those opened in the context of reviewing an existing antidumping duty or after allegations of breach of an undertaking.

The data are based on actions reported by signatories to the GATT Committee on Antidumping Practices, which exclude the actions taken against nonsignatories.

Table A7.

Industrial Countries: Countervailing Investigations and Actions, 1981-861

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Sources: Finger and Olechowski (1987); and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Based on GATT classifications (see Appendix III).

The countries listed have initiated virtually all the countervailing investigations undertaken by individual countries. Actions taken include the imposition of definitive duties and minimum price undertakings by exporting countries. Investigations include those opened in the context of reviewing an existing countervailing duty or after allegations of breach of an undertaking.

The data are based on actions reported by the signatories to the GATT Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, which exclude the actions taken against nonsignatories.

Table A8.

Group of Five Countries: Imports Affected by Selected Nontariff Measures1

(In percent)

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Sources: Fund staff estimates based on World Bank/UNCTAD Inventory of Trade Barriers; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Costs and Benefits of Protection (Paris, 1985); and Balassa and Balassa (1984).

The nontariff measures (NTMs) included in this table are tariffs with quotas, variable import levies, total prohibitions, quotas, authorizations to control entry, minimum pricing, voluntary export restraints (VERs), and the Multifiber Arrangement (MFA). All ratios are based on 1981 trade data to avoid biases arising from the relative decline of restricted trade. The import coverage ratio is used as an indicator of the extent of NTMs. However, it does not measure the severity of such restrictions, since the measurement does not distinguish between NTMs that are more or less severe. In particular, more restrictive NTMs receive a lower weight than less restrictive ones because the former tend to reduce imports more.

Table A9.

United States: Investigations of Unfair Trade Practices Abroad and Safeguard Petitions, 1980-87

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Sources: Office of the U.S. Trade Representative; U.S. International Trade Commission; U.S. General Accounting Office; and U.S. Department of Commerce.

Under Section 301 of the U.S. Trade Act of 1974.

Under Section 201 of the U.S. Trade Act of 1974.

Excluded from the total to avoid double-counting.

Since the U.S. Trade Act of 1974 came into force, 60 investigations have been initiated under Section 201. Of these, 12 affected imports from any country, including several listed individually above.

Table A10.

Japan: Geographical Composition of Foreign Direct Investment in Manufacturing by Sector, 1981 and 1988

(In percent)

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Sources: Japan, Ministry of Finance; and Japan Economic Institute.

End-March of the year shown.

Mainly Asia and, to a lesser extent, Latin America.

Table A11.

Subsidies as Percent of GDP1,2

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Source; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, National Accounts, Vol. 1, Main Aggregates (Paris), various issues.

Countries listed in order of amount of subsidies as a percentage of GDP in 1985.

The data do not include subsidies such as tax concessions. In Germany total tax concessions to enterprises averaged about 1.8 percent of GDP a year in 1975-85 while in the United States federal tax concessions to industry were about 1.5 percent of GDP a year during 1975-87; similar data are not available for other countries.

Table A12.

Government Research and Development Funding of Manufacturing Industry

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Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Structural Adjustment and Economic Performance (Paris, 1987).

1981.

Aerospace, computers, electronics (including telecommunications), Pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical engineering.

Table A13.

OECD Countries: Subsidy Shares in Officially Supported Export Credits by Destination,1 1979-85

(In percent)

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Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Structural Adjustment and Economic Performance (Paris, 1987).

Subsidies are calculated as the net present value of credits using actual credit terms and estimated market terms. Data pertain to officially supported credits of over three years’ maturity. They do not include the aid component of tied aid credits. Thus, this table gives the subsidy element in officially supported nonaid export credits.

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.

Table A14.

Federal Republic of Germany: Nominal and Effective Protection in Industry

(In percent)

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Source: Witteler (1987).

Includes tariff equivalent of nontariff barriers.

Table A15.

Rates of Growth and Market Shares for World Exports by Areas and Commodity Croups, 1973-86

(In percent)

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Source: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. International Trade (Geneva), various issues.
Table A16.

Selected Developing Countries and Areas: Ratios of Imports and Exports to GDP, 1963-861

(In percent)

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Source: International Monetary Fund, Data Fund.

Some of the ratios shown are distorted by large fluctuations in the real exchange rates of the countries concerned. Calculations based on purchasing power parity would yield different results.

1964.

Average 1962-64.

Table A17.

Exports of Manufactures, Shares in Market Growth, and Growth Rates by Area and Sector, 1973 and 1985

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Source: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, International Trade (Geneva), various issues.
Table A18.

Developing Countries: Selected Import Ratios, 1973-86

(In percent)

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Source: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, International Trade (Geneva), various issues.
Table A19.

Developing Countries: Trade with Industrial Countries as a Percent of Total Trade

(In percent of area trade)

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Source: International Monetary Fund, Data Fund.
Table A20.

Area Distribution of World Trade

(In percent of world trade)

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Source: International Monetary Fund, Data Fund.
Table A21.

Selected Developing Countries: Import Duties

(In percent)

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Sources: Columns (1) and (2), Farhadian-Lorie and Katz (1988), p. 6; column (3), Refik Erzan and others, The Profile of Protection in Developing Countries, UNCTAD Discussion Papers, No. 21 (Geneva), Annex II.

Averages for 1978-84. Tax revenue data are derived from International Monetary Fund, Government Finance Statistics, and include revenue from the oil sector.

Data are for 1985.

Table A22.

Sectoral Average Tariffs by Income Groups1

(In percent)

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Source: Refik Erzan and others. The Profile of Protection in Developing Countries, UNCTAD Discussion Papers, No. 21 (Geneva), Annex 11.

Countries in each group are weighted by import values. Data include tariffs and other import charges.

Table A23.

Frequency of Use of Nontariff Measures by Sectors and Income Groups

(In percent)

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Source: Refik Erzan and others. The Profile of Protection in Developing Countries. UNCTAD Discussion Papers. No. 21 (Geneva). Annex II Countries in each group are weighted by import values. Data relate to percentage of tariff positions affected by nontariff measures excluding the effect of stacking (i.e., if a product is affected by more than one nontariff measure, it is only counted once).
Table A24.

Developing Countries: Summary of Trade Measures, October 1985-April 1988

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Source: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Review of Developments in the Trading System (Geneva), various issues.

C = Comprehensive tariff reform; S = Substitution of tariffs for quantitative restrictions.

Table A25.

OECD Preference-Giving Countries’ Imports From GSP Beneficiary Countries, 1972-861

(In billions of U.S. dollars)

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Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, “OECD Imports from GSP Beneficiaries in 1986” (TC/ WP(88)24) (Paris, March 30, 1988).

The figures in this table represent totals for those OECD preference-giving countries that were operating GSP schemes in each year. The following countries are included beginning in the years indicated: 1972: Austria, EC, Finland, Japan. Norway. Sweden, Switzerland. and United Kingdom; 1975: Australia and Canada; 1976: New Zealand and United States.

Preliminary.

Table A26.

GSP Schemes in High Tariff and Other Items in the EC, Japan, and the United States, 19841

(In percent)

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Source: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, “Protectionism and Structural Adjustment.” TD/B/1160 and Add. I (Geneva. 1988).

The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) preferences presented pertain to 1984 and do not take into account deeper preferences granted to least developed countries.

Arithmetic averages, excluding tariff lines for which rates were not available.

Figures for “all” items in the first two columns include also those tariff lines for which post-Tokyo most-favored-nation (MFN) tariff rates were not available.

Table A27.

GATT Membership1

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Source: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).

As of June 30, 1988.

Countries to whose territories the GATT has been applied and which now, as independent slates, maintain a de facto application of the GATT pending final decisions as to their future commercial policy.

Table A28.

Multilateral Trade Negotiation Agreements: Status of Acceptances1

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Source: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).

As of June 1, 1988.

Code on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties.

Customs Valuation Code. including Protocol.

Amendments to the Anti-Dumping Code.

Table A29.

Recourse to Article XIX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 1978-87

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Source: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).

Partial termination in 1985.

Replaced by export restraint arrangement.

Table A30.

GATT Consultations on Balance of Payments Restrictions, 1978-June 1988

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Source: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).

Some countries consulted more than once in a calendar year.

Balance of payments measures no longer applied.

Table A31.

GAIT Panels, 1978-June 1988

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Source: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
Table A32.

Estimates of the Direct Budgetary and Consumer Cost of Agricultural Policy, Averages for 1979-81 and 1984-86

(In billions of ECUs)

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Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Report on Monitoring and Outlook of Agricultural Policies, Markets and Trade (Paris, May 1988).

Average 1984-85.

Notes: The cost to the taxpayer corresponds to public expenditures for agriculture under the following items: research, training, extension. inspection services and disease control. rationalization of production, structural improvement. rural development, processing, marketing, subsidies to consumers, and price and income support. It covers expenditure by the states, provinces, and Länder, respectively, for the United States, Australia, Canada, Austria, and the Federal Republic of Germany, For the EC, these expenditures cover not only Community expenses but also member states’ expenses. For Australia, state expenditures refer to the 1984-85 crop year.

The cost to the consumer was estimated as the impact of these policies at the borders (customs duties or equivalent) on domestic prices; it was calculated for each product, applying the corresponding tariffs or the difference between the domestic and foreign prices to the respective levels of consumption and deducting consumer subsidies borne by taxpayers.

Budget revenues arising from price distortions should exist only for the products in which a country is not self-sufficient; they were estimated by multiplying the tariff or the price differential by the difference between the consumption and production levels of these products.

Average exchange rates of U.S. dollars for ECUs in 1979-81 and 1984-86 were 1,3168 and 0.8441. respectively.

Table A33.

Producer Subsidy Equivalents (PSEs), Classified by Type of Support, 1982-86

(In millions of (U.S. dollars)

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Sources: U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Economic Research Service. Estimates of Producer and Consumer Subsidy Equivalents (1988); and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, National Policies on Agricultural Trade (Paris, 1987).

Includes national spending on agriculture by France, the Federal Republic of Germany, and the United Kingdom, not included in EC data. This amount is not included in the components because a classification of this spending by type of policy is not available.

Data for Brazil do not cover subsidies for the production of sugarcane.

Note: The total value of support policies in this table is less than that shown in Table A32 because the coverage of policies and levels of government in this table are narrower. In addition, there are slight differences in the compilation of PSEs by the USDA compared with the OECD compilation. The product and policy coverage for developing countries is narrower and more varied than for industrial countries owing to data limitations.

Table A34.

Producer Subsidy Equivalents (PSEs), Averages for 1979-81 and 1984-861

(In percent)2

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Sources: Industrial countries: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Report on Monitoring and Outlook of Agricultural Policies, Markets and Trade (Paris, May 1988). Developing countries: U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Economic Research Service, Estimates of Producer and Consumer Subsidy Equivalents (1988).

See note to Table A33.

As a percentage of the gross value to producers of agricultural production.

1984-85.

Table A35.

United States: Agricultural Support, 1976-87

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Fiscal years.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Report on Monitoring and Outlook of Agricultural Policies, Markets and Trade (Paris, May 1988), Total public spending includes all assistance to agriculture from federal and state governments. Some of this is excluded from the PSE as it could not be allocated across crops.

From United States, Office of Management and Budget, The United States Budget in Brief, FY 1989. and previous issues. Includes outlays for farm income stabilization and for agricultural research services.

Table A36.

United States: Quantitative Restrictions on Agricultural Imports

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Source: Data provided by the U S. Department of Agriculture

Trigger level: if beef imports are forecast to exceed this trigger level, voluntary export restraints or quotas are imposed. In practice, VERs have only been imposed in 1982, 1983, 1987. and 1988.

Permitted under GATT waiver.

Quota year does not correspond to calendar year.

Less than 1 percent.

Restrictive quotas were not imposed before May 1982. From May 1982 to December 1986. the quota year did not correspond to the calendar year. Quota figures shown are base quota with specialty. Quotas imposed under presidential authority as a “headnote” to U.S. Tariff Schedule.

Table A37.

United States: Support Program for Dairy Products, 1980-87

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Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Dairy Situation and Outlook Report (Washington: USDA. Foreign Agricultural Service. April 1988).

Commodity Credit Corporation support purchases in milk equivalent.

Support prices at the start of the calendar year; they generally change during the year. Prices relate to milk with 3.5 percent fat content.

Data on expenditures relate to fiscal years. Excludes expenditures on welfare-related programs.

Commodity Credit Corporation support purchases of dairy products and related costs plus net payments to producers and net expenditures for Dairy Herd Termination Program.

Milk diversion and/or termination payments less producer deductions.

Table A38.

United States: Direct Payments to Wheat Farmers, 1980-871

(In millions of U.S. dollars)

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Source: Data provided by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Crop years.

Table A39.

United States: Domestic Support Program for Wheat, 1979-87

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Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Commodity Fact Sheets.
Table A40.

European Community: Average Degree of Self-Supply in Selected Agricultural Products, 1956—861

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Sources: Commission of the European Communities, The Agricultural Situation in the Community (Brussels), various issues; and data provided by the Commission of the European Communities.

Data for 1956-60 and 1968/69 cover the six original members of the Community, and those for 1978/19 cover the six original members plus Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. Data for 1980/81, 1981/82. and 1983/84 cover ten members of the Community (including Greece and excluding Spain and Portugal).

Average of the years 1956 through 1960.

Average of crop years 1967/68, 1968/69, and 1969/70.

Average of crop years 1977/78, 1978/79, and 1979/80.

Average of crop years 1979/80. 1980/81, and 1981/82.

Average of crop years 1980/81, 1981/82, and 1982/83.

Average of crop years 1982/83, 1983/84, and 1984/85.

Average of crop years 1983/84, 1984/85, and 1985/86.

Excluding Greece.

Average of crop years 1976/77, 1977/78, and 1978/79.

Average of 1979, 1980, and 1981.

Average of crop years 1980, 1981, and 1982.

Average of 1982, 1983, and 1984.

Average of 1983, 1984, and 1985.

Average of 1984, 1985, and 1986.

Table A41.

European Community: European Agricultural Guarantee and Guidance Fund—Guarantee Section, Expenditures by Sector, 1976-88

(In millions of ECUs)

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Source: Commission of the European Communities, The Agricultural Situation in the Community (Brussels), various issues.

Budget adopted in February 1987 and supplementary and amending budget No. I adopted in July 1987.

Preliminary draft budget.

Table A42.

European Community: Target Prices for Selected Commodities, 1980/81-1987/881

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Sources: Commission of the European Communities, The Agricultural Situation in the Community (Brussels), various issues, and Bulletin of the European Communities (Brussels), various issues.

Beginning of marketing year.

Intervention price.

Sheep meat and goat meat were not covered by the Common Agricultural Policy prior to 1980/81.

Table A43.

European Community: Average Increase in Common Agricultural Prices, 1984/85-1987/88

(In percent)

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Sources: Commission of the European Communities. Notes Rapides de L’Europe Verte (Brussels, March 1984); and data provided by the European Commission.

Common price in European currency units (ECUs) (intervention price or equivalent price) weighted by national agricultural production.

Common price in ECUs converted into national currency al “green” exchange rate, alter adjustment in “green” rate by all measures taken.

Rate of inflation measured by the GDP deflator (agricultural year) prior to 1986: from 1986, calendar-year basis.

Including adjustments of Greek prices resulting from membership agreements.

Including the impact of the alignment on common prices according to the accession agreements.

These figures refer to the average of EC (10).

Table A44.

Japan: Self-Sufficiency Rates of Major Agricultural Products1

(In percent)

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Source: Japan. Ministry of Agriculture. Forestry and Fisheries. “Food Balance Sheet.” 1986.

Data relate to fiscal years.

Note: The self-sufficiency rates = production/available supply; available supply = production + change in stocks + imports - exports.

Table A45.

Japan: Administrative Prices of Major Agricultural Products

(In yen per kilogram)

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Source; Japan, Ministry of Agriculture. Forestry and Fisheries, Statistical Yearbook of MAFF, various years.
Table A46.

Japan: Nominal Protection Coefficients, 1983-87

(In yen per kilogram)

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Sources: Japan, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Statistical Yearbook of MAFF, various issues; and International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics, various issues. Note: The world prices in this table are only indicative of trends and generally understate import prices. World prices are f.o.b. prices and not c.i.f. In addition, the grades of the domestic products are generally different (typically higher) from the commodities used as the reference world prices. For grains the domestic price refers to the Government’s purchase price. Beef, pork, and butter prices are wholesale prices. The sugar price is the Japanese Sugar Price Stabilization Agency purchase price. The world prices are: Rice: Thai milled while rice, 5 percent broken, f.o.b. Bangkok. Wheat: U.S. No. 1 hard red winter wheat, f.o.b. Gulf ports. Beef: Frozen boneless beef, Australian and New Zealand origin, f.o.b. U.S. ports. Butter: New Zealand, best quality. Selling price on the London Provision Exchange. Sugar: International Sugar Agreement price, which is an average of the New York contract No. 11 spot price and the London daily price, f.o.b. Caribbean ports.
Table A47.

Japan: Expenditure on Agricultural Support, 1975-881

(In billions of yen)

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Source: Japan, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Explanation an Government Budget on Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. various issues: and data provided by MAFF.

Data relate to fiscal years.

Estimates.

Table A48.

Nominal Protection Coefficients (NPCs) for Wheat (Bread) in Selected Developing Countries1

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Source: Byerlee and Sain (1986).

Ratios of producer or consumer prices to world prices. Prices are those prevailing in 1980-82. World prices are c.i.f. from Rotterdam (hard red winter wheat No. 2) with estimates for freight and transportation to largest city in country.

Adjustment to official exchange rate has been made by taking differential in the growth rate of consumer price index and index for import prices for all developing countries from 1971 or a year in the 1970s when a significant devaluation took place.

Table A49.

Butter: World Commodity Balance and Trade, 1981-88

(In thousands of metric tons)

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Source: Production, imports, exports, and consumption from U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), World Dairy Situation (Washington), various issues.

USDA preliminary estimate.

USDA forecasts.

Excluding intra-Community trade. The European Community intra-trade data excluded are for the EC (10) in 1981-85 and the EC (12) since 1986.

Table A50.

Cheese: World Commodity Balance and Trade, 1981-88

(In thousands of metric tons)

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Source: Production, imports, exports, and consumption from U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), World Dairy Situation (Washington), various issues.

USDA preliminary estimate.

USDA forecasts.

Excluding intra-Community trade. The European Community intra-trade data excluded are for the EC (10) in 1981-85 and the EC (12) since 1986.

Table A51.

Wheat: World Commodity Balance and Trade,1 1981/82-1987/882

(In millions of metric tons)

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Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agriculture Circular: World Grain Literature and Outlook (Washington), various issues.

Includes wheat and wheat flour.

July-June crop years.

Excluding intra-Community trade. The European Community intra-trade data excluded are for the EC (10) in 1981-85 and the EC (12) since 1986.

Table A52.

Beef and Veal: World Commodity Balance and Trade, 1981-88

(In thousands of metric tons carcass-weight-equivalent)

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Sources: Production, imports, exports, and consumption from U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), World Livestock and Poultry Situation (Washington), various issues. Stocks from General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), The International Markets for Meat, 1987/88 (Geneva, 1988).

USDA preliminary estimate.

USDA forecasts.

Excluding intra-Community trade. The European Community intra-trade data excluded are for the EC (10) in 1981-85 and the EC (12) since 1986.

Table A53.

Sugar: World Commodity Balance, 1981/82-1987/88

(In millions of metric tons, raw value)

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Sources: Data for prices, Commodities Division, Fund Research Department. Data for world commodity balance, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Foreign Agriculture Circular: Sugar, Molasses and Honey (Washington), various issues.

USDA revised estimates.

USDA forecasts for production, and Commodities Division, Fund Research Department forecasts for consumption and stocks.

Table A54.

Sugar: World Trade, 1984-87

In millions of metric tons)

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Sources: For exports and imports, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1986 FAO Trade Yearbook (Rome); for market prices. Commodities Division, Fund Research Department.

Data on exports and imports are estimates of Commodities Division, Fund Research Department.

International Sugar Agreement price, which is an average of the New York contract No. 11 spot price and the London daily price, f.o.b. Caribbean ports.

Unpacked sugar, c.i.f. European ports.

U.S. future import price contract No. 14, Prior to June 1985, New York contract No. 12 spot price, c.i.f. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico ports.

Table A55.

Effects on Global Welfare of Liberalization by Industrial Countries

(In billions of 1985 U.S. dollars a year)

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Source: Tyers and Anderson (1987).

Figures in parentheses are the effect of unilateral liberalization on the country or group liberalizing.

Table A56.

Effects on International Prices of Liberalization of Food Markets

(In percentage change)

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Sources; Tyers and Anderson (1986 and 1987); and OECD (1987b). Note: The two Tyers and Anderson models are based on protection in 1980-82 and the OECD model is based on protection in 1979-81.

OECD (1987b) modeled a 10 percent reduction in agricultural support. To maintain comparability with the other studies that simulate complete liberalization, the results of the OECD study have been multiplied by ten.

Table A57.

Effects on Trade Flows of Liberalization by Industrial Countries1

(In millions of metric tons increase in net exports)

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Sources: Tyers and Anderson (1986 and 1987); and OECD (1987b).

OECD (1987b) modeled a 10 percent reduction in agricultural support. To maintain comparability with the other studies that simulate complete liberalization, the results of the OECD study have been multiplied by ten.

Table A58.

Steel: Production, Apparent Consumption, and Employment in OECD Countries, 1973-88

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Sources: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, The Steel Market in 1986 and Outlook for 1987 (Paris, 1987); and data provided by the OECD.

Projections by the OECD.

Excludes Greece in 1973 and 1979.

Includes Greece in 1973 and 1979. Excludes Spain and Portugal from 1985 on.

Includes the U.S.S.R., other East European countries, China, and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.

Apparent consumption - production + net imports.

Figures in the 1973 column on employment refer to 1974.

Table A59.

Steel: Capacity Utilization and Import Penetration, 1978-88

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Sources: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, The Steel Market in 1986 and Outlook for 1987 (Paris, 1987), and previous issues; and data provided by the OECD.

OECD projections.

Excludes Greece in 1978 and 1979.

OECD estimate.

Table A60.

Steel: World Exports, Imports, and Trade Balance, 1980-88

(In millions of ingot tons equivalent)

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Sources: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, The Steel Market in 1986 and Outlook for 1987 (Paris, 1987), and previous issues; and data provided by the OECD.

OECD projections.

Includes South Africa, the U.S.S.R., other East European countries, China, and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.

Includes small amounts from unspecified sources for 1980 and 1982.

Table A61.

Steel: United States—Apparent Supply of Steel Mill Products, 1977-86

(In thousands of tons)

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Source: American Iron and Steel Institute, Annual Statistical Report, 1986 (Washington: American Iron and Steel Institute, 1987). 1 In percent.

In percent.

Table A62.

Textiles and Clothing: Employment in Industrial Countries, 1973-86

(Average annual percentage rate of change)

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Sources: United Nations, Yearbook of Industrial Statistics, various issues; General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Statistical Reporting Scheme; and national statistics.

Data are up to 1985(instead of 1986)

Table A63.

Textiles and Clothing: Imports of Selected Industrial Countries, 1973-86

(Change in value in percent per annum)

article image
Source: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, International Trade (Geneva), various issues.

Excluding Portugal.

Table A64.

Textiles and Clothing: Bilateral Agreements Under Article 4 of the Multifiber Arrangement Maintained in Early 1988

article image
Source: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).

Not including agreements with countries granted preferential status.

Table A65.

Motor Vehicles:1 Production, Apparent Consumption, and Import Penetration in Selected Industrial Countries, 1980-86

(In thousands of units and in percent)

article image
Source: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, International Trade (Geneva), various issues.

Including passenger cars, trucks, and buses.

Production includes assembly.

Apparent consumption = production + imports - exports.

Including intra-Community trade.

Table A66.

Motor Vehicles: Industrial Countries’ Exports of Automotive Products by Area, 1980-86

(In billions of U.S. dollars)

article image
Source: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, International Trade, 1986/87 (Geneva, 1987).
Table A67.

Motor Vehicles: Impact of Trade Restraints on Japanese Cars in Four Countries

article image
Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, The Costs of Restricting Imports: The Automobile Industry (Paris, 1987).

Overall, only 30,000 cars would have been eliminated from the French market as a result of increased imports from EC partners.

The additional sales to British Leyland do not take into account sales of 36,000 and 50,000 cars that have probably accrued to European producers and to U.S. multinational producers, respectively.

Table A68.

Shipbuilding: World Production and Shares of Major Producers, 1976-87

(In thousands of gross register tons and in percent)

article image
Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Press Release (Paris), various issues.
Table A69.

Shipbuilding: New Orders, 1978 and 1984-87

(In thousands of compensated gross tons and in percent)

article image
Sources: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Annual Statistics, various issues, and Press Release, various issues.

In thousands of gross register tons.

European Community countries, and Finland, Norway, and Sweden.

Table A70.

Electronic Products: Trade of Industrial Countries, 1980-86 1

(In billions of U.S. dollars)

article image
Source: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, International Trade, 1986/87 (Geneva, 1987).

Subgroups may not add because of rounding.

Automatic data processing.

Table A71.

Footwear: European Community1—Production, Trade, Apparent Consumption, and-Employment, 1975-87

article image
Source: Data supplied by the Commission of the European Communities.

Excludes data for Spain and Portugal. From 1975 to 1981, data cover nine EC members; from 1982 on, they also cover Greece.

Estimates.

Apparent consumption = production + imports - exports.

Table A72.

Commercial Jet Aircraft: Relative Market Shares, 1974-86

(In percent and in number ordered)

article image
Source: “World Airline Census,” Flight International (London), various issues, presented in Majumdar (1987).

The aircraft included in the first part of the table include Airbus Industrie’s A300, A310, and A320; Boeing’s 707, 727, 737, 747, 757, and 767; Lockheed’s L-1011; and McDonnell Douglas’s DC-9, DC-10, and MD-8.

Note: The data included in the table represent aircraft ordered rather than delivered. Deliveries usually closely parallel orders partly because of the potential loss of deposits for canceling firm orders.

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  • United States International Trade Commission, “A Review of Recent Developments in the U.S. Automobile Industry Including an Assessment of the Japanese Voluntary Restraint Arrangements,” Preliminary Report to the Subcommittee on Trade, Committee on Ways and Means of the U.S. House of Representatives, in Connection with Investigation No. 332-118, USITC Publication 1648 (Washington: USITC, February 1985).

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  • United States International Trade Commission Operation of the Trade Agreements Program, 39th Report, 1987, USITC Publication 2095 (Washington: USITC, July 1988).

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  • United States, Office of Management and Budget, The United States Budget in Brief, FY 1989 (Washington, Office of Management and Budget, 1988), and previous issues.

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  • Verzariu, Pompiliu, Countertrade, Barter, and Offsets: New Strategies for Profit in International Trade (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985).

  • Vincent, David (1988a), “Domestic Effects of Agricultural Policies in Asian Countries with Special Reference to Korea,” paper presented at a conference organized by the American Enterprise Institute, Washington, and the Center for International Economics, Canberra, May 26-27, 1988 (Washington).

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Recent Occasional Papers of the International Monetary Fund

42. Global Effects of Fund-Supported Adjustment Programs, by Morris Goldstein. 1986.

43. International Capital Markets: Developments and Prospects, by Maxwell Watson, David Mathieson, Russell Kincaid, and Eliot Kalter. 1986

44. A Review of the Fiscal Impulse Measure, by Peter S. Heller, Richard D. Haas, and Ahsan H. Mansur. 1986.

45. Switzerland’s Role as an International Financial Center, by Benedicte Vibe Christensen. 1986.

46. Fund-Supported Programs, Fiscal Policy, and Income Distribution: A Study by the Fiscal Affairs Department of the International Monetary Fund. 1986.

47. Aging and Social Expenditure in the Major Industrial Countries, 1980-2025, by Peter S. Heller, Richard Hemming, Peter W. Kohnert, and a Staff Team from the Fiscal Affairs Department. 1986.

48. The European Monetary System: Recent Developments, by Horst Ungerer, Owen Evans, Thomas Mayer, and Philip Young. 1986.

49. Islamic Banking, by Zubair Iqbal and Abbas Mirakhor. 1987.

50. Strengthening the International Monetary System: Exchange Rates, Surveillance, and Objective Indicators, by Andrew Crockett and Morris Goldstein. 1987.

51. The Role of the SDR in the International Monetary System, by the Research and Treasurer’s Departments of the International Monetary Fund. 1987.

52. Structural Reform, Stabilization, and Growth in Turkey, by George Kopits. 1987.

53. Floating Exchange Rates in Developing Countries: Experience with Auction and Interbank Markets, by Peter J. Quirk, Benedicte Vibe Christensen, Kyung-Mo Huh, and Toshihiko Sasaki. 1987.

54. Protection and Liberalization: A Review of Analytical Issues, by W. Max Corden. 1987.

55. Theoretical Aspects of the Design of Fund-Supported Adjustment Programs: A Study by the Research Department of the International Monetary Fund. 1987.

56. Privatization and Public Enterprises, by Richard Hemming and Ali M. Mansoor. 1988.

57. The Search for Efficiency in the Adjustment Process: Spain in the 1980s, by Augusto Lopez-Claros. 1988.

58. The Implications of Fund-Supported Adjustment Programs for Poverty: Experiences in Selected Countries, by Peter S. Heller, A. Lans Bovenberg, Thanos Catsambas, Ke-Young Chu, and Parthasarathi Shome. 1988.

59. The Measurement of Fiscal Impact: Methodological Issues, edited by Mario I. Blejer and Ke-Young Chu. 1988.

60. Policies for Developing Forward Foreign Exchange Markets, by Peter J. Quirk, Graham Hacche, Viktor Schoofs, and Lothar Weniger. 1988.

61. Policy Coordination in the European Monetary System. Part I: The European Monetary System: A Balance Between Rules and Discretion, by Manuel Guitián. Part II: Monetary Coordination Within the European Monetary System: Is There a Rule? by Massimo Russo and Giuseppe Tullio. 1988.

62. The Common Agricultural Policy of the European Community: Principles and Consequences, by Julius Rosenblatt, Thomas Mayer, Kasper Bartholdy, Dimitrios Demekas, Sanjeev Gupta, and Leslie Lipschitz. 1988.

63. Issues and Developments in International Trade Policy, by Margaret Kelly, Naheed Kirmani, Miranda Xafa, Clemens Boonekamp, and Peter Winglee. 1988.

Note: For information on the titles and availability of Occasional Papers published prior to 1986, please consult the most recent IMF Publications Catalog or contact IMF Publication Services.

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Cover Issues and Developments in international Trade Policy
Issues and Developments in international Trade Policy
Occa Paper No.63
ISBN:
9781557750372
ISSN:
0251-6365
Publication Date:
15 Dec 1988
Publisher:
International Monetary Fund
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5089/9781557750372.084
Pages:
186