Abstract

This volume contains seven chapters that consider how fiscal policies can address women’s and girls’ disadvantages in education, health, employment, and financial well-being. Researchers from a joint collaboration between the International Monetary Fund and the UK’s Department for International Development presented papers at a 2016 international conference on gender budgeting at the International Monetary Fund headquarters in Washington, DC, and detail the findings of their work here, which draws on published materials, a questionnaire sent to ministries of finance to all International Monetary Fund member countries, and interviews with country officials and international organizations that offer technical assistance to countries seeking to implement gender budgeting. They describe key gender budgeting efforts planning, allocating, and monitoring government expenditures and taxes to address gender inequality in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and the Pacific, Europe, Latin America and Canada, the Middle East and Central Asia, and the Pacific Islands and Caribbean.

Index

A

  • Adolescent fertility rates Asia, 46

  • Advanced economies, 57, 111

  • Afghanistan

    • educational enrollment, 170

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 155

    • gender budgeting goals, 167–168

    • Gender Inequality Index, 170

    • governmental and non-governmental involvement, 168

    • governmental role, 172–173

    • implications of initiatives through analysis of indicators, 169–170

    • labor force participation, 170

    • legal framework for gender budgeting, 168

    • maternal mortality, 170

    • origins of gender budgeting initiative, 167

    • reporting on gender budgeting, 169

  • Africa. See also sub-Saharan Africa

    • labor force participation, 4

    • maternal mortality, 3, 4

    • secondary school enrollment trends, 3, 4

  • Agricultural feminization, 24–25

  • Akcija Zdruzenska, 80, 81

  • Albania

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 77–80, 104–105

  • Algeria

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 155

  • Alternative Federal Budget, 6, 129

  • Amalgamated Territorial Communities, 84

  • Americas

    • labor force participation, 4

    • maternal mortality, 4

    • secondary school enrollment trends, 4

  • An Equal Share, 68

  • Andalucía, Spain

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 74–77, 85–86, 104–105

  • Antenatal visits

    • Rwanda, 21–22

    • skilled provider care, 21–22

    • Uganda, 21–22

  • Argentina

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 138–140

    • Gender Development Index, 108

  • Armenia

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 156

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 173

  • ASEAN. See Association of Southeast Asian Nations

  • Asia. See also specific countries by name

    • economic growth, 28

    • gender inequality, 33–38

    • Gender Inequality Index, 34

    • labor force participation, 3, 4, 35

    • maternal mortality, 3, 4

    • parliamentary seats held by women, 36

    • secondary school enrollment trends, 3, 4, 35

  • Association of Southeast Asian Nations economic growth, 28

  • Australia

    • fertility rates, 44–45

    • fiscal context of gender budgeting, 37, 51

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 38–39, 51–52, 86

    • Gender Inequality Index, 34

    • labor force participation, 35, 42–43

    • parliamentary seats held by women, 36

    • secondary school enrollment, 35

    • Women’s Budget Statements, 38

  • Austria

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 60–63, 104–105

    • tax allowances for children, 92

    • tax policy and gender budgeting, 90–92

  • Azerbaijan

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 156

B

  • Baby Bonus, 44–45

  • Bahrain

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 155

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 173

  • Bangladesh

    • fiscal context of gender budgeting, 37

    • Gender Inequality Index, 34

    • labor force participation, 35

    • parliamentary seats held by women, 36

    • secondary school enrollment, 35

  • Beijing Platform for Action, 63, 64, 97

  • Belgium

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 63–66, 86, 104–105

  • Berlin, Germany

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 71–73, 104–105

  • Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, 39–40

  • Bhutan

    • fiscal context of gender budgeting, 37

    • labor force participation, 35

    • parliamentary seats held by women, 36

    • secondary school enrollment, 35

  • Bolivia

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 120–124, 149–150

    • Gender Development Index, 108

  • BPfA. See Beijing Platform for Action

  • Brazil

    • child and infant mortality, 47

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 126–127

  • Broad Economic Policy Guidelines, 56

  • Brunei Darussalam

    • fiscal context of gender budgeting, 37

    • labor force participation, 35

    • secondary school enrollment, 35

  • Budget and Financial Responsibility Law, 116

  • Budget Decree on Expenditure of the Federation, 116

  • Bureau of Gender Strategies and Budgeting (Ukraine), 83

  • Burundi

    • gender inequality indicators, 10, 11

    • literacy rates, 25

    • primary school enrollment, 25

C

  • Cambodia

    • fiscal context of gender budgeting, 37

    • Gender Inequality Index, 34

    • labor force participation, 35

    • parliamentary seats held by women, 36

    • secondary school enrollment, 35

  • Canada

    • Alternative Federal Budget, 6

    • domestic violence legislation, 110

    • earning gaps, 110

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 127–129

    • Gender Development Index, 108, 110

    • income inequality, 110

    • labor force participation, 110

    • maternal mortality, 110

    • property ownership rights, 110

    • secondary enrollment, 110

  • Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, 129

  • Canadian Feminist Alliance for International Action, 128

  • Capacity building, 7, 185–186

  • Caribbean region

    • development indicators, 187–188

    • economic growth, 28

    • fiscal indicators, 189

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 204–209

    • impact of gender budgeting, 185–187

    • labor force participation, 4

    • labor force participation rates, 190

    • maternal mortality, 4, 192

    • national gender policies, 207–208

    • secondary school enrollment trends, 4

    • social protection programs, 206–207

    • tax policies, 208

  • Catalog for Orientation of Expenditure on Gender Equality Policies, 119–120

  • CEDAW. See Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

  • Central Asia. See also specific countries by name

    • economic growth, 166

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 152–157

    • gender budgeting, 157–176, 183

    • Gender Development Index, 153–156

    • gender inequality, 166

    • gender inequality in oil-exporting countries, 177

    • labor force participation, 4, 155–156

    • maternal mortality, 3, 4, 155–156

    • property ownership rights, 155–156

    • secondary school enrollment trends, 3, 4

  • Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, 40

  • Certificate on Gender and Equity Compliance, 30

  • Child and infant mortality

    • Brazil, 47

    • China, 47

    • India, 46–47

    • Russian Federation, 47

    • South Africa, 46–47

  • Chile

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 140–142

    • Gender Development Index, 108

  • China

    • child and infant mortality, 47

    • fiscal context of gender budgeting, 37

    • Gender Inequality Index, 34

    • labor force participation, 35

    • parliamentary seats held by women, 36

    • secondary school enrollment, 35

  • Civil society

    • gender budgeting and, 52, 94–95, 105, 150, 183, 202, 215

    • La Plataforma Impacto de Género YA!, 97–98

    • Swedish Women’s Lobby, 96–97

    • United Kingdom’s Women’s Budget Group, 95–96

  • COGPIG. See Catalog for Orientation of Expenditure on Gender Equality Policies

  • Colectivo Cabildeo, 121–122

  • Colombia

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 129–130

    • Gender Development Index, 108

  • Commission for Equality between Women and Men of the Chamber of Deputies, 115, 116

  • Commonwealth Secretariat, 5

  • Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 97

  • Coordinating Committee for Women, 127

  • Costa Rica

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 130

    • Gender Development Index, 108

D

  • Decision 465, 78, 79–80

  • Demographic and Health Survey, 19–20

  • Department for International Development (United Kingdom)

  • gender budgeting research project, 2–3

  • DFID. See Department for International Development

  • DHS. See Demographic and Health Survey

  • Djibouti

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 155

  • Domestic violence legislation, 110, 155–156

  • Dominican Republic

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 130–131

    • Gender Development Index, 108

E

  • Earning gaps

    • Canada, 110

    • Europe, 58

    • Latin America, 110

    • Rwanda, 24

    • United States, 110

  • East African Community

    • economic growth differential, 27

    • gender inequality indicators, 11

    • literacy rates, 25

  • primary school enrollment, 25

  • Economic, Social and Research Institute, 93

  • Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategies, 13

  • Economic growth

    • ASEAN, 28

    • Canada, 111

    • Central Asia, 166

    • East African Community, 27

    • Europe, 57

    • LAC, 28

    • Latin America, 111

    • Middle East, 166

    • Rwanda, 28

    • sub-Saharan Africa, 27

  • Ecuador

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 118–120, 149–150

    • Gender Development Index, 108

  • Education completion

    • Canada, 110

    • gender gap trends, 3, 4

    • Latin America, 110

    • Rwanda, 20–21

    • Uganda, 20–21

    • United States, 110

  • Education expenditure

    • Western Hemisphere, 113

  • Educational enrollment

    • Afghanistan, 170

    • Asia, 35

    • Central Asia, 155–156

    • Europe, 58

    • India, 35, 47–48

    • Middle East, 155–156

    • Morocco, 164

    • Pacific region, 35

    • Philippines, 35, 47–48

    • Rwanda, 17, 19, 20–21

    • Uganda, 18, 19, 20

  • Egypt

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 155

    • gender budgeting goals, 171–172

    • legal framework for gender budgeting, 172

    • origins of gender budgeting initiative, 171

    • reporting on gender budgeting, 172

  • El Salvador

    • Five-Year Development Plan, 124

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 124–126, 149–150

    • Gender Development Index, 108

  • Emerging markets

    • European countries, 57

    • gender budgeting initiatives in European countries, 77–85

    • Latin America, 111

  • Employment. See also Labor force participation

    • Europe, 58

    • Rwanda, 17, 23–24

    • trends, 3, 4

    • Uganda, 18

    • Equal Opportunities Commission, 16

    • Equal Opportunities Law, 67

    • Equal Opportunities Strategic Plan, 92

    • Equal Status Act, 70

    • Equality between Women and Men, 116

    • EU. See European Union

    • EU directives, 55

    • EU Treaty, 55

    • Europe. See also specific countries by name civil society and gender budgeting, 94–98

    • economic development of countries, 57

    • fiscal indicators, 59

    • gender budgeting data template, 104–105

    • gender budgeting initiatives in emerging markets, 77–85

    • gender budgeting initiatives in Western Europe, 60–77

    • gender equality indicators, 58

    • government-commissioned gender and revenue studies, 92–94

    • income equality indicators, 58

    • labor force participation, 3, 4

    • revenue policy and gender budgeting, 87–90

    • secondary school enrollment trends, 4

    • tax policy and gender budgeting, 90–94

  • European Employment Strategy, 55, 56

  • European Union

    • gender equality policy, 54–59

  • European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, 89

  • Export diversification

    • Rwanda, 10

F

  • Federal Budget Act, 61

  • Federal Public Service Budget and Management Control, 64–65

  • Feminist Center for Research and Advice, 127

  • Fertility rates

    • adolescent, 46

    • Australia, 44–45

    • India, 46

    • Korea, 44

    • OECD, 44

    • Philippines, 46

    • Rwanda, 26

  • Fiji

    • development indicators, 187–188

    • fiscal indicators, 189

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 218–221

    • labor force participation, 190

    • maternal mortality, 192

  • Finance Act, 123–124

  • Finland

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 69, 86, 104–105

    • government-commissioned gender and revenue studies, 92–93

  • Fiscal aggregates

    • Asia, 36–37, 51

    • Central Asia, 157, 158, 183

    • Europe, 59, 104

    • Latin America, 111–112, 149

    • Middle East, 157, 158, 183

    • Pacific region, 36–37, 51

    • Timor-Leste, 215

  • Fiscal Measures Law, 76

  • Five-Year Development Plan, 124

  • Forum for Rwandan Women Parliamentarians, 12

  • Forum for Women in Democracy, 15

  • 4R gender audits, 76

  • Friedrich Ebert Foundation, 83, 84, 85

  • Function K, 119

G

  • G+ Program, 75–76

  • GDI. See Gender Development Index

  • Gender and Child Budgeting, 40

  • Gender and Development Budget Policy, 41–42

  • Gender and Equity Budgeting, 16

  • Gender and Equity Compacts, 16

  • Gender and Equity Compliance Certificate, 16

  • Gender and Family Promotion Officer, 12

  • Gender audits, 60, 76

  • Gender Budget Statements, 15, 29, 39

  • Gender budgeting

    • Albania, 77–80

    • Asia, 36–37

    • Australia, 38–39, 51–52

    • Austria, 60–63

    • Belgium, 63–66

    • capacity building, 7

    • Central Asia, 157–176, 183

    • civil society role, 52, 94–98, 105, 150, 183, 202, 215

    • definition, 33

    • description of, 2

    • Europe data template, 104–105

    • Fiji, 218–221

    • Finland, 69

    • fiscal context, 36–37, 51, 59, 104, 111–112, 149, 157, 158, 183, 215

    • gender-sensitive planning of state annual action plans, 197

    • Germany, 71–74

    • goals of, 5, 6

    • government institutions role, 12–13, 52, 105, 150, 168–169, 172–173, 183, 215

    • Iceland, 70–71

    • India, 39–40, 51–52

    • joint research project, 2–3

    • Korea, 40–41, 51–52

    • Latin America, 108, 112–126, 126–142

    • legal basis, 5, 51, 104, 149, 160–161, 168, 172, 183, 195–196, 215

    • lessons from key initiatives, 126–138

    • local initiatives, 5–6

    • Macedonia, FYR, 80–82

    • Marshall Islands, 216–218

    • Middle East, 157–176, 183

    • ministry of finance leadership importance, 5–6

    • monitoring efforts, 7

    • national initiatives, 5–6

    • origination of, 3

    • Pacific islands, 216–224

    • Philippines, 41–42, 51–52

    • regional context, 111–112

    • revenue policy and, 87–90

    • Rwanda, 14–15, 16–30, 32

    • Samoa, 221–224

    • Spain, 74–77

    • state initiatives, 5–6

    • sub-Saharan Africa, 32

    • Sweden, 66–69

    • tax policy and, 6, 88–89, 90–94, 99, 142–143, 208

    • Timor-Leste, 191–204, 215

    • transparency in reporting, 7

    • Uganda, 15–29, 32

    • Ukraine, 83–85

    • Western Hemisphere data template, 149–150

  • Gender desks, 12

  • Gender Development Index

    • Canada, 108, 110

    • Central Asia, 153–156

    • definition, 11

    • Latin America, 107–108, 110

    • Middle East, 153–156

    • United States, 108, 110

  • Gender Equality Action Plan, 69

  • Gender Equality and Family Committee, 40

  • Gender Equity, Citizenship, Work, and Family institution, 115

  • Gender Gap Index, 1, 11

  • Gender Impact Assessment, 69

  • Gender Impact Assessment Law, 97

  • Gender Impact Commission, 74, 75

  • Gender Impact Report, 74–76

  • Gender inequality

    • Asia, 33–38

    • Central Asia, 152–157

    • East African countries, 11

    • European indicators, 58

    • fiscal policy effects, 3, 5

    • global indicators, 9, 10, 16–18

    • labor force participation rates, 3, 4

    • maternal mortality rates, 3, 4

    • Middle East, 152–157

    • Pacific region, 33–38

    • Rwanda, 9, 10, 16–17

    • secondary school enrollment, 3, 4

    • trends, 3, 4

    • Uganda, 10, 18

  • Gender Inequality Index

    • Afghanistan, 170

    • Asia, 34

    • East African Community, 11

    • Morocco, 164

    • Pacific region, 34

  • Gender mainstreaming, 53, 54, 55, 64, 68, 86, 197

  • Gender Mainstreaming Group, 90–92

  • Gender Mainstreaming Plan, 68

  • Gender Marker, 63

  • Gender Monitoring Office, 12, 15, 29

  • Gender notes, 64

  • Gender-Related Classification System, 131–132

  • Gender Report, 159, 163

  • Gender-responsive budgeting, 2

  • Gender-sensitive budgeting, 2

  • Gender tests, 64

  • Georgia

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 156

  • Germany

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 71–74, 86

  • GII. See Gender Inequality Index

  • Girls’ Education Policy, 25

  • Global Gender Gap Index, 1, 11

  • Government institutions role

    • Afghanistan, 168–169

    • Asia, 52

    • Central Asia, 183

    • Egypt, 172–173

    • Europe, 105

    • Latin America, 150

    • Middle East, 183

    • Pacific region, 52

    • sub-Saharan Africa, 12–13

    • Timor-Leste, 215

  • Gross domestic product

    • Rwanda growth rate, 28

    • Western Hemisphere fiscal indicators, 112, 113

  • Guatemala

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 131–133

    • Gender Development Index, 108

H

  • Health expenditure

    • Western Hemisphere, 113

  • High-income countries

    • gender inequality indicators, 9, 10

  • Honduras

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 133–134

    • Gender Development Index, 108

I

  • Iceland

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 70–71, 86, 104–105

  • Illiteracy rates

    • Morocco, 165

  • IMF. See International Monetary Fund

  • INAMU, 130

  • Income inequality

    • Canada, 110

    • Central Asia, 152–157

    • Europe, 58

    • Latin America, 110–111

    • Middle East, 152–157

    • Rwanda, 10

    • United States, 110

  • Income splitting, 88

  • India

    • child and infant mortality, 46–47

    • fertility rates, 46

    • fiscal context of gender budgeting, 37

    • Gender Budget Statement, 39

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 39–40, 51–52

    • Gender Inequality Index, 34

    • labor force participation, 35, 45

    • maternal mortality, 46

    • Ministry of Women and Child Development, 39–40

    • parliamentary seats held by women, 36

    • secondary school enrollment, 35, 47–48

    • Tenth National Development Plan, 46

  • Indonesia

    • fiscal context of gender budgeting, 37

    • Gender Inequality Index, 34

    • labor force participation, 35

    • parliamentary seats held by women, 36

    • secondary school enrollment, 35

  • Infant mortality. See Child and infant mortality

  • Informal institutions

    • role in gender equality, 14

  • Inheritance rights

    • Rwanda, 26

  • INMUJERES, 115–118

  • Institute for the Equality of Women and Men, 64, 65, 66

  • Instituto National de las Mujeres, 115

  • Integrated Planning System, 78

  • Inter-Institutional Working Committee, 115

  • International Monetary Fund

    • gender budgeting research project, 2–3

    • gender equality efforts, 7–8

  • Iran, Islamic Republic

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 155

  • Iraq

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 155

  • Ireland

    • government-commissioned gender and revenue studies, 93–94

  • ISDEMU, 124–126

J

  • JamKas, 68, 69

  • JämStöd Committee, 68

  • Japan

    • fiscal context of gender budgeting, 37

    • Gender Inequality Index, 34

    • labor force participation, 35

    • parliamentary seats held by women, 36

    • secondary school enrollment, 35

  • Joint taxation, 88

  • Jordan

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 155

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 173–174

K

  • Kazakhstan

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 156

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 174

  • Kenya

    • gender inequality indicators, 10, 11

    • literacy rates, 25

    • primary school enrollment, 25

  • Kigali Declaration, 26

  • Korea

    • fertility rates, 44

    • fiscal context of gender budgeting, 37

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 40–41, 51–52

    • Gender Inequality Index, 34

    • labor force participation, 35, 43–44

    • parliamentary seats held by women, 36

    • secondary school enrollment, 35

  • Korean National Assembly, 40

  • Korean Women’s Development Institute, 41

  • Kuwait

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 155

  • Kyrgyz Republic

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 156

L

  • La Plataforma Impacto de Género YA!, 97–98

  • Labor force participation

    • Afghanistan, 170

    • Asia, 35–36

    • Australia, 42–43

    • Canada, 110

    • Caribbean region, 190

    • Central Asia, 155–156

    • Europe, 58

    • India, 45

    • Korea, 43–44

    • Latin America, 110

    • Middle East, 155–156

    • Morocco, 164

    • OECD, 43

    • Pacific islands, 190

    • Pacific region, 35–36

    • Philippines, 35, 45–46

    • Rwanda, 17, 23–24

    • trends, 3, 4

    • Uganda, 18

    • United States, 110

  • Lachmayer, Dr. Edeltraud, 90–91

  • Land ownership

    • Canada, 110

    • Central Asia, 155–156

    • Latin America, 110

    • Middle East, 155–156

    • Rwanda, 26–27

    • United States, 110

  • Lao PDR

    • fiscal context of gender budgeting, 37

    • Gender Inequality Index, 34

    • labor force participation, 35

    • parliamentary seats held by women, 36

    • secondary school enrollment, 35

  • Latin America. See also specific countries by name

    • domestic violence legislation, 110

    • earning gaps, 110

    • economic growth, 28

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 110

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 108, 112–126

    • Gender Development Index, 107–108

    • income inequality, 110–111

    • labor force participation, 110

    • maternal mortality, 110

    • property ownership rights, 110

    • secondary enrollment, 110

  • Law on Ensuring Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men, 85

  • Law on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men, 81

  • Law on Management of the Budgetary Systems, 79

  • Law on Planning, 117

  • Lebanon

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 155

  • Legal mandates

    • Afghanistan, 168

    • Asia, 51

    • Central Asia, 183

    • Egypt, 172

    • Europe, 104

    • gender budgeting and, 5

    • Latin America, 149

    • Middle East, 183

    • Morocco, 160–161

    • Pacific region, 51

    • Timor-Leste, 195–196, 215

  • Let’s Travel Safely Program, 118

  • Libya

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 155

  • Literacy rates

    • East African Community, 25

    • Morocco, 165

    • Rwanda, 20, 25

    • sub-Saharan Africa, 25

    • Uganda, 20, 25

  • Looking for a Life Free from Violence for Women, 124

  • Low-income countries

    • European, 57

    • gender inequality indicators, 9, 10, 17–18

    • labor force participation rates, 45

    • Latin America, 111

M

  • Macedonia, FYR

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 80–82, 104–105

  • Malaysia

    • fiscal context of gender budgeting, 37

    • Gender Inequality Index, 34

    • labor force participation, 35

    • parliamentary seats held by women, 36

    • secondary school enrollment, 35

  • Maldives

    • fiscal context of gender budgeting, 37

    • Gender Inequality Index, 34

    • labor force participation, 35

    • parliamentary seats held by women, 36

    • secondary school enrollment, 35

  • MANAR-Stat, 161

  • Marshall Islands

    • development indicators, 187–188

    • fiscal indicators, 189

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 216–218

  • Maternal mortality

    • Afghanistan, 170

    • Canada, 110

    • Caribbean region, 192

    • Central Asia, 155–156

    • India, 46

    • Latin America, 110

    • Middle East, 155–156

    • Morocco, 164

    • Pacific islands, 192

    • Philippines, 46

    • Rwanda, 17, 19, 26

    • trends, 3, 4

    • Uganda, 18, 19

    • United States, 110

  • Mauritania

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 155

  • Medium-Term Budget Program, 79

  • Medium Term Expenditure Framework, 61

  • Mexico

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 149–150

    • gender budgeting lessons, 118

    • Gender Development Index, 108

    • institutional basis of gender budgeting, 116–117

    • legislative framework, 116–117

    • Mexico City gender budgeting initiative, 117–118

    • national level gender budgeting, 114–116

  • Middle East. See also specific countries by name

    • economic growth, 166

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 152–157

    • gender budgeting, 157–176, 183

    • Gender Development Index, 153–156

    • gender inequality, 166

    • gender inequality in oil-exporting countries, 177

    • labor force participation, 4, 155–156

    • maternal mortality, 3, 4, 155–156

    • property ownership rights, 155–156

    • secondary school enrollment trends, 3, 4

  • Middle-income countries

    • gender inequality indicators, 9, 10

    • labor force participation rates, 45

  • Millennium Development Goals, 6, 151, 182

  • Ministerial Policy Statements, 16

  • Ministry for Gender and Family Promotion (Rwanda), 12, 14

  • Ministry of Finance (Rwanda), 15

  • Ministry of Finance, Planning, and Economic Development (Uganda), 15–16

  • Ministry of Women and Child Development (India), 39–40

  • Mongolia

    • fiscal context of gender budgeting, 37

    • Gender Inequality Index, 34

    • labor force participation, 35

    • parliamentary seats held by women, 36

    • secondary school enrollment, 35

  • Morocco

    • educational enrollment, 164, 165

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 155

    • gender budgeting goals, 160

    • Gender Inequality Index, 164

    • illiteracy rates, 165

    • implications of initiatives through analysis of indicators, 162–167

    • labor force participation, 164

    • legal framework for gender budgeting, 160–161

    • maternal mortality, 164

    • monitoring initiatives, 162

    • origins of gender budgeting initiative, 159–160

    • revenue, 162

    • sex-disaggregated data, 161–162

  • Mortality rates. See Child and infant mortality; Maternal mortality

  • Myanmar

    • fiscal context of gender budgeting, 37

    • Gender Inequality Index, 34

    • labor force participation, 35

    • parliamentary seats held by women, 36

    • secondary school enrollment, 35

N

  • National Action Plan for Gender Equality, 80

  • National Action Plan for the Women of Afghanistan, 168

  • National Center for the Prevention and Control of HIV/AIDS, 115–116

  • National Development Plan, 16, 117

  • National Finance Act, 41

  • National Foundation for Australian Women, 38

  • National Gender Cluster, 12

  • National Gender Policy, 13, 15

  • National Institute for Women, 130

  • National Parliament (Timor-Leste), 201

  • National Policy on Equality, 116

  • National Program for Citizen’s Security, 127

  • National Program for Equal Opportunities, 116

  • National Strategy for Agriculture and Rural Development, 82

  • National Strategy for Development and Integration, 78

  • National Women’s Council, 12

  • National Working Committee on Gender Sensitive Budgets, 121

  • Nationality Code, 161

  • Nepal

    • fiscal context of gender budgeting, 37

    • Gender Inequality Index, 34

    • labor force participation, 35

    • parliamentary seats held by women, 36

    • secondary school enrollment, 35

  • New Zealand

    • fiscal context of gender budgeting, 37

    • Gender Inequality Index, 34

    • labor force participation, 35

    • parliamentary seats held by women, 36

    • secondary school enrollment, 35

  • Nicaragua

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 134

    • Gender Development Index, 108

  • No Discrimination against Women, 116

  • Nordic Co-operation, 66, 70

O

  • Occupational segregation, 24

  • OECD

    • fertility rates, 44

    • labor force participation, 43

  • Oil-exporting countries

    • gender inequality in, 177

  • Oman

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 155

  • Organic Budget Law, 15, 61, 67, 79

  • Organic Code on Planning and Public Finance, 118

  • Ownership rights

    • Canada, 110

    • Central Asia, 155–156

    • Latin America, 110

    • Middle East, 155–156

    • Rwanda, 26–27

    • United States, 110

P

  • Pacific Islands

    • development indicators, 187–188

    • fiscal indicators, 189

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 216–224

    • impact of gender budgeting, 185–187

    • labor force participation rates, 190

    • maternal mortality, 192

  • Pacific region. See also specific countries by name

    • gender inequality, 33–38

    • Gender Inequality Index, 34

    • labor force participation rates, 3, 4, 35

    • maternal mortality rates, 3, 4

    • parliamentary seats held by women, 36

    • secondary school enrollment trends, 3, 4, 35

  • Pakistan

    • fiscal context of gender budgeting, 37

    • Gender Inequality Index, 34

    • labor force participation, 35

    • parliamentary seats held by women, 36

    • secondary school enrollment, 35

  • Panama

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 134–135

    • Gender Development Index, 108

  • Papua New Guinea

    • fiscal context of gender budgeting, 37

    • Gender Inequality Index, 34

    • labor force participation, 35

    • parliamentary seats held by women, 36

    • secondary school enrollment, 35

  • Paraguay

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 135–136

    • Gender Development Index, 108

  • Parliamentary seats held by women

    • Asia, 36

    • Pacific region, 36

    • Rwanda, 12–13

  • PEFA. See Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability

  • Peru

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 136–137

    • Gender Development Index, 108

  • Philippine Plan for Gender-Responsive Development, 47

  • Philippines

    • fertility rates, 46

    • fiscal context of gender budgeting, 37

    • Gender and Development Plan, 42

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 41–42, 51–52

    • Gender Inequality Index, 34

    • labor force participation, 35, 45–46

    • maternal mortality, 46

    • parliamentary seats held by women, 36

    • secondary school enrollment, 35, 47–48

  • Plan for Gender Budgeting, 70

  • Platform for Gender Impact Now, 97–98

  • Political Constitution of the State, 123

  • Poverty Eradication Action Plan, 15

  • PpRpG initiative, 124, 125, 126

  • Pregnancy Benefit, 139

  • Presidential Secretariat for Women, 131–133

  • Primary school completion

    • Rwanda, 20–21

    • Uganda, 20–21

  • Primary school enrollment

    • India, 48

    • Morocco, 165

    • Philippines, 48

    • Rwanda, 19, 25–26

    • Timor-Leste, 199

    • Uganda, 19, 25

  • Programs for Improvement of Management, 140–141

  • Property ownership

    • Canada, 110

    • Central Asia, 155–156

    • Latin America, 110

    • Middle East, 155–156

    • Rwanda, 26–27

    • United States, 110

  • Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability, 36–37, 113, 158

  • Public Finance Management Strategy, 80

  • Public policy

    • framework for gender equality, 13–14

  • Public Policy for Equality of Opportunity for Women, 134–135

Q

  • Qatar

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 155

R

  • Recast Gender Directive, 54

  • Revenue policy

    • gender budgeting and, 87–90

    • government-commissioned gender and revenue studies, 90–94

  • Russian Federation

    • child and infant mortality, 47

  • Rwanda

    • antenatal visits, 21–22

    • anti-discrimination policies, 26

    • developments in gender equality efforts, 9–12, 29–30

    • economic growth, 28

    • export diversification, 10

    • fertility rates, 26

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 14–15, 32

    • gender inequality indicators, 9, 10, 16–17, 19

    • health expenditure as a share of GDP, 19

    • income inequality, 10

    • institutional framework for gender equality, 12–13

    • labor force participation, 17, 23–24

    • level of education, 20–21

    • literacy rates among women, 20

    • maternal mortality, 17, 19, 26

    • Ministry for Gender and Family Promotion, 12, 14

    • Ministry of Finance, 15

    • political inclusion of women, 27

    • primary school completion, 20–21

    • primary school enrollment, 19, 25–26

    • public policy framework for gender equality, 13–14

    • role of informal institutions in gender equality, 14

    • wage gap, 24

    • water access, 22–23

    • women’s land ownership, 26–27

S

  • Safe and Strong, 38

  • SALIDCs

    • gender inequality indicators, 17–18

  • Samoa

    • development indicators, 187–188

    • fiscal indicators, 189

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 221–224

    • labor force participation, 190

    • maternal mortality, 192

  • Saudi Arabia

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 155

  • Save the Daughter, Educate the Daughter, 39–40

  • School completion rates

    • gender gap trends, 3, 4

    • Rwanda, 20–21

    • Uganda, 20–21

  • School enrollment

    • Afghanistan, 170

    • Asia, 35

    • Canada, 110

    • Central Asia, 155–156

    • East African Community, 25

    • Europe, 58

    • India, 35, 47–48

    • Latin America, 110

    • Middle East, 155–156

    • Morocco, 164, 165

    • Pacific region, 35

    • Philippines, 35, 47–48

    • Rwanda, 17, 19, 20–21, 25–26

    • Timor-Leste, 199

    • Uganda, 18, 19, 20, 25

    • United States, 110

  • Secondary education rates

    • Asia, 35

    • Canada, 110

    • Central Asia, 155–156

    • Europe, 58

    • gender gap trends, 3, 4

    • India, 35, 47–48

    • Latin America, 110

    • Middle East, 155–156

    • Pacific region, 35

    • Philippines, 35, 47–48

    • United States, 110

  • Secretary of State for the Support and Socio-Economical Promotion of Women, 200–201

  • SEPREM. See Presidential Secretariat for Women

  • Seven-Year Government Program, 13–14

  • Shisha Kibondo program, 26

  • Sida, 83, 84

  • Singapore

    • fiscal context of gender budgeting, 37

    • Gender Inequality Index, 34

    • labor force participation, 35

    • parliamentary seats held by women, 36

  • Social protection programs, 206–207

  • Somalia

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 155

  • South Africa

    • child and infant mortality, 46–47

  • Spain

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 74–77, 85–86

    • government-commissioned gender and revenue studies, 92

    • La Plataforma Impacto de Género YA!, 97–98

  • Specific Cabinet for Women, 132

  • Sri Lanka

    • fiscal context of gender budgeting, 37

    • Gender Inequality Index, 34

    • labor force participation, 35

    • parliamentary seats held by women, 36

    • secondary school enrollment, 35

  • STAT compiler, 20

  • State Program to Ensure Equal Status of Men and Women in Ukraine, 85

  • Status of Women Canada, 128

  • Strategic Guidance Document, 75

  • Strategy on Gender Responsive Budgeting, 80, 81

  • Sub-Saharan Africa. See also Africa

    • economic growth differential, 27

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 32

    • impact of gender inequality on GDP, 9

    • literacy rates, 25

    • Rwanda, 9–15, 16–29

    • Uganda, 15–29

  • Sudan

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 155

  • Support and Socio-Economical Promotion of Women, 200–201

  • Sustainable Development Goals, 6

  • Sweden

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 66–69, 86, 104–105

    • Swedish Women’s Lobby, 96–97

  • Swedish Gender Mainstreaming Support Committee, 68

  • Swedish Women’s Lobby, 96–97

  • Syrian Arab Republic

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 155

T

  • Tajikistan

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 156

  • Tanzania

    • gender inequality indicators, 10, 11

    • literacy rates, 25

    • primary school enrollment, 25

  • Tax policy

    • gender budgeting and, 90–94, 142–143, 208

    • inequalities, 6 joint taxation, 88

    • value-added tax, 88–89, 99

  • Technical Vocational Education Training, 25

  • Tenth National Development Plan, 46

  • Tertiary school enrollment

    • Asia, 48

  • Thailand

    • fiscal context of gender budgeting, 37

    • Gender Inequality Index, 34

    • labor force participation, 35

    • parliamentary seats held by women, 36

    • secondary school enrollment, 35

  • 3R gender audits, 76

  • Timor-Leste

    • consultative process, 202

    • development indicators, 187–188

    • fiscal indicators, 189

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 191–204, 215

    • international donors, 201–202

    • maternal mortality, 192

    • National Parliament, 201

    • school enrollment, 199

    • Secretary of State for the Support and Socio-Economical Promotion of Women, 200–201

  • Treaty of Amsterdam, 54

  • Treaty of Rome, 55

  • Tunisia

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 155

  • Turkmenistan

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 156

U

  • Uganda

    • antenatal visits, 21–22

    • Certificate on Gender and Equity Compliance, 30

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 15–16, 32

    • gender inequality indicators, 10, 18, 19

    • level of education, 20–21

    • literacy rates among women, 20

    • Ministry of Finance, Planning, and Economic Development, 15–16

    • primary school completion, 20–21

    • primary school enrollment, 19, 25

    • water access, 22–23

  • Ukraine

    • Bureau of Gender Strategies and Budgeting, 83

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 83–85, 104–105

  • UN Women, 5, 16, 83–84, 85, 122–123. See also UNIFEM

  • Unemployment

    • Europe, 58

  • UNIFEM, 15, 118, 120, 121. See also UN Women

  • United Arab Emirates

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 155

  • United Kingdom

    • Department for International Development, 2–3

    • Women’s Budget Group, 6, 95–96

  • United Nations

    • Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 97

    • Organization for Women, 15, 118, 120

  • United Nations Development Program, 107

  • United States

    • domestic violence legislation, 110

    • earning gaps, 110

    • Gender Development Index, 108, 110

    • income inequality, 110

    • labor force participation, 110

    • maternal mortality, 110

    • property ownership rights, 110

    • secondary education rates, 110

    • secondary enrollment, 110

  • Universal Child Benefit, 139

  • Uruguay

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 137

    • Gender Development Index, 108

  • USAID

    • Demographic and Health Survey, 19–20

  • Uzbekistan

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 156

V

  • Value-added tax, 88–89, 99

  • VAT. See Value-added tax

  • Venezuela

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 137–138

    • Gender Development Index, 108

  • Vietnam

    • fiscal context of gender budgeting, 37

    • Gender Inequality Index, 34

    • labor force participation, 35

    • parliamentary seats held by women, 36

    • secondary school enrollment, 35

  • Vision 2020, 13

W

  • Wage gaps

    • Canada, 110

    • Europe, 58

    • Latin America, 110

    • Rwanda, 24

    • United States, 110

  • Water supply

    • Rwanda, 22–23

    • Uganda, 22–23

  • Websites

    • Afghanistan’s Ministry of Finance budget, 168

    • Argentina’s gender budgeting initiative, 138

    • Austrian gender budgeting, 63

    • Canada’s Alternative Federal Budget, 129

    • Canada’s General Audit Office study, 128

    • Chile’s Programs for Improvement of Management, 140–141

    • Demographic and Health Survey, 19–20

    • El Salvador Five-Year Development Plan, 124

    • Feminist Center for Research and Advice, 127

    • Gender and Child Budgeting plan, 40

    • India’s Gender Budget Statement, 39

    • MANAR-Stat, 161

    • Ministry of Women and Child Development handbook, 40

    • Peru’s gender budgeting manual, 136

    • Philippines Gender and Development Plan, 42

    • Sweden’s Statement of Government Policy, 67

    • World Bank Data, 154

    • West Bank and Gaza

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 155

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 174

  • Western Europe

    • gender budgeting initiatives, 60–77

  • Women’s Budget, 127

  • Women’s Budget Group, 6, 95–96

  • Women’s Budget Initiative, 9

  • Women’s Budget Statements, 38

  • Women’s Consortium of Ukraine, 84

  • Women’s Machinery, 118

  • Women’s Parliamentary Group, 124

  • Women’s Secretariat, 127

  • World Bank, 12–13, 19, 34–35, 40

  • World Bank Data, 154

  • World Development Indicators, 12–13, 19, 34–35, 40

  • World Economic Forum

    • Gender Gap Report, 30

    • Global Gender Gap Index, 1, 11

Y

  • Yemen, Republic

    • fiscal indicators of gender budgeting, 158

    • gender and income inequality indicators, 155

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