Statistical Appendix
Unless noted otherwise, data and projections presented in this Regional Economic Outlook are IMF staff estimates as of March 30, 2019, consistent with the projections underlying the April 2019 World Economic Outlook.
The data and projections cover 45 sub-Saharan African countries in the IMF’s African Department. Data definitions follow established international statistical methodologies to the extent possible. However, in some cases, data limitations limit comparability across countries.
Additional tables for historical and forecasts for key macroeconomic variables are posted online in the Background Paper and Expanded Statistical Appendix.
www.imf.org/~/media/Files/Publications/REO/AFR/2019/April/English/backgroundpapers.ashx?la=en
Country Groupings
Countries are aggregated into three (non-overlapping) groups: oil exporters, other resource-intensive countries, and non-resource-intensive countries (see table on page 56 for the country groupings).
The oil exporters are countries where net oil exports make up 30 percent or more of total exports.
The other resource-intensive countries are those where nonrenewable natural resources represent 25 percent or more of total exports.
The non-resource-intensive countries refer to those that are not classified as either oil exporters or other resource-intensive countries.
Countries are also aggregated into four (overlapping) groups: oil exporters, middle-income, low-income, and countries in fragile situations (see table on page 56 for the country groupings).
The membership of these groups reflects the most recent data on per capita gross national income (averaged over three years) and the World Bank, Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) score (averaged over three years).
The middle-income countries had per capita gross national income in the years 2015–17 of more than US$995.00 (World Bank, using the Atlas method).
The low-income countries had average per capita gross national income in the years 2015–17 equal to or lower than US$995.00 (World Bank, Atlas method).
The countries in fragile situations had average CPIA scores of 3.2 or less in the years 2015–17 and/or had the presence of a peace-keeping or peace-building mission within the last three years.
The membership of sub-Saharan African countries in the major regional cooperation bodies is shown on page 56: CFA franc zone, comprising the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) and CEMAC; the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA); the East Africa Community (EAC-5); the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS); the Southern African Development Community (SADC); and the Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU). EAC-5 aggregates include data for Rwanda and Burundi, which joined the group only in 2007.
Methods of Aggregation
In Tables SA1 and SA3, country group composites for real GDP growth and broad money are calculated as the arithmetic average of data for individual countries, weighted by GDP valued at purchasing power parity as a share of total group GDP. The source of purchasing power parity weights is the World Economic Outlook (WEO) database.
Table SA1.
Sources: IMF, Common Surveillance database and IMF, World Economic Outlook database, April 2019.
Note: “…” denotes data not available.
Real GDP Growth and Consumer Prices
Fiscal year data.
In February, 2019, Zimbabwe adopted a new local currency unit, the RTGS dollar, which has become the official unit of account. Efforts are underway to revise and update all national accounts series to the new RTGS dollar. Current data are based on IMF staff estimates of price and exchange rate developments in US (and RTGS) dollars. Staff estimates of US dollar values may differ from authorities’ estimates.
Table SA1.
Sources: IMF, Common Surveillance database and IMF, World Economic Outlook database, April 2019.
Note: “…” denotes data not available.
Real GDP Growth and Consumer Prices
| Real GDP (Annual percent change) | Consumer Prices, Annual Average (Annual percent change) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010–15 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2010–15 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | |||
| Angola | 4.6 | -2.6 | -0.2 | -1.7 | 0.4 | 2.9 | 10.6 | 30.7 | 29.8 | 19.6 | 17.5 | 11.1 | ||
| Benin | 4.3 | 4.0 | 5.8 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 2.0 | -0.8 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | ||
| Botswana | 5.5 | 4.3 | 2.9 | 4.6 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 6.1 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 3.8 | ||
| Burkina Faso | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.3 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 1.2 | -0.2 | 0.4 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | ||
| Burundi | 3.3 | -1.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 8.7 | 5.5 | 16.6 | 1.2 | 7.3 | 9.0 | ||
| Cabo Verde | 1.5 | 4.7 | 4.0 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 1.7 | -1.4 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 2.0 | ||
| Cameroon | 4.8 | 4.6 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 4.7 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.5 | ||
| Central African Rep. | -3.4 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 4.6 | 4.1 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.5 | ||
| Chad | 6.2 | -6.4 | -3.1 | 3.1 | 4.5 | 6.0 | 2.7 | -1.1 | -0.9 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 3.0 | ||
| Comoros | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | ||
| Congo, Dem. Rep. of | 7.7 | 2.4 | 3.4 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 7.1 | 18.2 | 41.5 | 29.3 | 8.4 | 6.7 | ||
| Congo, Rep. of | 4.8 | -2.8 | -3.1 | 0.8 | 5.4 | 1.5 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.8 | ||
| Côte d’Ivoire | 5.8 | 8.0 | 7.7 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 7.2 | 2.0 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 2.0 | 2.0 | ||
| Equatorial Guinea | -1.2 | -8.8 | -4.7 | -5.7 | -4.0 | -4.7 | 3.8 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 2.6 | 2.7 | ||
| Eritrea | 4.7 | 1.9 | 5.0 | 4.2 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 7.8 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | ||
| Eswatini | 3.3 | 3.2 | 1.9 | 0.2 | -0.4 | 0.2 | 6.0 | 7.8 | 6.2 | 4.8 | 5.6 | 5.5 | ||
| Ethiopia1 | 10.2 | 8.0 | 10.1 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.5 | 15.1 | 6.6 | 10.7 | 13.8 | 9.3 | 8.0 | ||
| Gabon | 5.4 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 3.1 | 3.9 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 2.7 | 4.8 | 3.0 | 2.5 | ||
| Gambia, The | 2.9 | 0.4 | 4.6 | 6.6 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 5.5 | 7.2 | 8.0 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 6.0 | ||
| Ghana | 7.9 | 3.4 | 8.1 | 5.6 | 8.8 | 5.8 | 11.0 | 17.5 | 12.4 | 9.8 | 9.1 | 8.4 | ||
| Guinea | 4.5 | 10.5 | 9.9 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 13.6 | 8.2 | 8.9 | 9.7 | 8.9 | 8.3 | ||
| Guinea-Bissau | 3.6 | 6.3 | 5.9 | 3.8 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 2.1 | ||
| Kenya | 6.0 | 5.9 | 4.9 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 7.8 | 6.3 | 8.0 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 5.0 | ||
| Lesotho | 4.2 | 3.1 | -1.6 | 1.5 | 3.9 | 0.3 | 4.8 | 6.2 | 4.5 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 5.6 | ||
| Liberia | 5.3 | -1.6 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 1.6 | 8.0 | 8.8 | 12.4 | 23.4 | 22.3 | 20.5 | ||
| Madagascar | 2.2 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 7.3 | 6.7 | 8.3 | 7.3 | 6.7 | 6.3 | ||
| Malawi | 4.6 | 2.3 | 4.0 | 3.2 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 18.4 | 21.7 | 11.5 | 9.2 | 8.7 | 8.2 | ||
| Mali | 3.9 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 1.9 | -1.8 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 2.2 | ||
| Mauritius | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 1.0 | 3.7 | 3.2 | 2.1 | 3.7 | ||
| Mozambique | 7.0 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.3 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 6.1 | 19.9 | 15.1 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 5.5 | ||
| Namibia | 5.7 | 0.6 | -0.9 | -0.1 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 5.2 | 6.7 | 6.1 | 4.3 | 5.2 | 5.5 | ||
| Niger | 6.6 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.2 | 6.5 | 6.0 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 2.4 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 2.1 | ||
| Nigeria | 5.8 | -1.6 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 10.4 | 15.7 | 16.5 | 12.1 | 11.7 | 11.7 | ||
| Rwanda | 7.5 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 8.6 | 7.8 | 8.1 | 3.8 | 5.7 | 4.8 | 1.4 | 3.5 | 5.0 | ||
| São Tomé & Príncipe | 4.9 | 4.2 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 9.8 | 5.4 | 5.7 | 7.9 | 7.8 | 5.5 | ||
| Senegal | 4.3 | 6.2 | 7.2 | 6.2 | 6.9 | 7.5 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 1.5 | ||
| Seychelles | 5.1 | 4.5 | 5.3 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 2.8 | -1.0 | 2.9 | 3.7 | 3.4 | 3.0 | ||
| Sierra Leone | 5.3 | 6.4 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 6.2 | 10.9 | 18.2 | 16.9 | 15.8 | 13.0 | ||
| South Africa | 2.3 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 5.2 | 6.3 | 5.3 | 4.6 | 5.0 | 5.4 | ||
| South Sudan | -5.1 | -16.7 | -5.5 | -1.2 | 8.8 | 5.2 | 24.9 | 379.8 | 187.9 | 83.5 | 24.5 | 16.9 | ||
| Tanzania | 6.5 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 6.6 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 9.2 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 4.5 | ||
| Togo | 6.1 | 5.6 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 5.3 | 1.9 | 0.9 | -0.7 | 0.7 | 1.8 | 2.0 | ||
| Uganda | 5.3 | 2.3 | 5.0 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 7.5 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 2.6 | 3.6 | 4.4 | ||
| Zambia | 6.0 | 3.8 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 8.1 | 17.9 | 6.6 | 7.0 | 10.7 | 12.0 | ||
| Zimbabwe2 | 9.4 | 0.7 | 4.7 | 3.4 | -5.2 | 3.3 | 1.5 | -1.6 | 0.9 | 10.6 | 73.4 | 9.4 | ||
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 5.1 | 1.4 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 7.7 | 11.2 | 11.0 | 8.5 | 8.1 | 7.4 | ||
| Median | 5.0 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 4.3 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 5.5 | 5.3 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 5.0 | ||
| Excluding Nigeria and South Africa | a 5.8 | 3.4 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 7.3 | 10.6 | 10.3 | 8.0 | 7.4 | 6.0 | ||
| Oil-exporting countries | 5.3 | -1.8 | 0.5 | 1.4 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 9.4 | 17.5 | 17.1 | 12.2 | 11.1 | 10.3 | ||
| Excluding Nigeria | 4.1 | -2.2 | -0.3 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 3.2 | 6.9 | 22.4 | 18.6 | 12.4 | 9.6 | 6.7 | ||
| Oil-importing countries | 4.9 | 3.5 | 4.6 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 6.6 | 7.0 | 7.2 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 5.7 | ||
| Excluding South Africa | 6.4 | 5.1 | 6.1 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.5 | 7.4 | 7.3 | 8.1 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 5.8 | ||
| Middle-income countries | 4.7 | 0.4 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 7.7 | 11.6 | 11.0 | 8.2 | 8.1 | 7.9 | ||
| Excluding Nigeria and South Africa | a 5.3 | 2.7 | 3.7 | 3.4 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 6.7 | 11.1 | 9.6 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 5.9 | ||
| Low-income countries | 6.5 | 4.4 | 5.9 | 5.7 | 5.3 | 5.6 | 8.0 | 10.0 | 11.0 | 9.2 | 8.1 | 6.0 | ||
| Excluding low-income countries in fragile situations | 7.0 | 5.9 | 7.0 | 6.6 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 8.7 | 5.9 | 7.3 | 6.7 | 5.6 | 5.6 | ||
| Countries in fragile situations | 5.5 | 2.3 | 3.9 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 5.1 | 5.5 | 13.4 | 13.5 | 10.4 | 10.1 | 5.4 | ||
| CFA franc zone | 4.6 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 4.4 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 1.9 | 2.0 | ||
| CEMAC | 3.9 | -0.3 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 2.6 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.1 | ||
| WAEMU | 5.2 | 6.4 | 6.6 | 6.3 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 1.9 | ||
| COMESA (SSA members) | 6.8 | 4.8 | 5.8 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 5.7 | 8.7 | 8.1 | 10.4 | 9.3 | 9.2 | 6.8 | ||
| EAC-5 | 6.1 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 6.3 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 8.0 | 5.7 | 6.5 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 4.8 | ||
| ECOWAS | 5.9 | 0.5 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 9.0 | 12.8 | 12.9 | 9.7 | 9.4 | 9.3 | ||
| SACU | 2.6 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 5.3 | 6.2 | 5.2 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 5.3 | ||
| SADC | 3.9 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.6 | 6.6 | 10.3 | 9.9 | 7.7 | 8.0 | 6.5 | ||
Fiscal year data.
In February, 2019, Zimbabwe adopted a new local currency unit, the RTGS dollar, which has become the official unit of account. Efforts are underway to revise and update all national accounts series to the new RTGS dollar. Current data are based on IMF staff estimates of price and exchange rate developments in US (and RTGS) dollars. Staff estimates of US dollar values may differ from authorities’ estimates.
Table SA1.
Sources: IMF, Common Surveillance database and IMF, World Economic Outlook database, April 2019.
Note: “…” denotes data not available.
Real GDP Growth and Consumer Prices
| Real GDP (Annual percent change) | Consumer Prices, Annual Average (Annual percent change) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010–15 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2010–15 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | |||
| Angola | 4.6 | -2.6 | -0.2 | -1.7 | 0.4 | 2.9 | 10.6 | 30.7 | 29.8 | 19.6 | 17.5 | 11.1 | ||
| Benin | 4.3 | 4.0 | 5.8 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 2.0 | -0.8 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | ||
| Botswana | 5.5 | 4.3 | 2.9 | 4.6 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 6.1 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 3.8 | ||
| Burkina Faso | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.3 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 1.2 | -0.2 | 0.4 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | ||
| Burundi | 3.3 | -1.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 8.7 | 5.5 | 16.6 | 1.2 | 7.3 | 9.0 | ||
| Cabo Verde | 1.5 | 4.7 | 4.0 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 1.7 | -1.4 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 2.0 | ||
| Cameroon | 4.8 | 4.6 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 4.7 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.5 | ||
| Central African Rep. | -3.4 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 4.6 | 4.1 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.5 | ||
| Chad | 6.2 | -6.4 | -3.1 | 3.1 | 4.5 | 6.0 | 2.7 | -1.1 | -0.9 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 3.0 | ||
| Comoros | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | ||
| Congo, Dem. Rep. of | 7.7 | 2.4 | 3.4 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 7.1 | 18.2 | 41.5 | 29.3 | 8.4 | 6.7 | ||
| Congo, Rep. of | 4.8 | -2.8 | -3.1 | 0.8 | 5.4 | 1.5 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.8 | ||
| Côte d’Ivoire | 5.8 | 8.0 | 7.7 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 7.2 | 2.0 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 2.0 | 2.0 | ||
| Equatorial Guinea | -1.2 | -8.8 | -4.7 | -5.7 | -4.0 | -4.7 | 3.8 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 2.6 | 2.7 | ||
| Eritrea | 4.7 | 1.9 | 5.0 | 4.2 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 7.8 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | ||
| Eswatini | 3.3 | 3.2 | 1.9 | 0.2 | -0.4 | 0.2 | 6.0 | 7.8 | 6.2 | 4.8 | 5.6 | 5.5 | ||
| Ethiopia1 | 10.2 | 8.0 | 10.1 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.5 | 15.1 | 6.6 | 10.7 | 13.8 | 9.3 | 8.0 | ||
| Gabon | 5.4 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 3.1 | 3.9 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 2.7 | 4.8 | 3.0 | 2.5 | ||
| Gambia, The | 2.9 | 0.4 | 4.6 | 6.6 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 5.5 | 7.2 | 8.0 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 6.0 | ||
| Ghana | 7.9 | 3.4 | 8.1 | 5.6 | 8.8 | 5.8 | 11.0 | 17.5 | 12.4 | 9.8 | 9.1 | 8.4 | ||
| Guinea | 4.5 | 10.5 | 9.9 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 13.6 | 8.2 | 8.9 | 9.7 | 8.9 | 8.3 | ||
| Guinea-Bissau | 3.6 | 6.3 | 5.9 | 3.8 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 2.1 | ||
| Kenya | 6.0 | 5.9 | 4.9 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 7.8 | 6.3 | 8.0 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 5.0 | ||
| Lesotho | 4.2 | 3.1 | -1.6 | 1.5 | 3.9 | 0.3 | 4.8 | 6.2 | 4.5 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 5.6 | ||
| Liberia | 5.3 | -1.6 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 1.6 | 8.0 | 8.8 | 12.4 | 23.4 | 22.3 | 20.5 | ||
| Madagascar | 2.2 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 7.3 | 6.7 | 8.3 | 7.3 | 6.7 | 6.3 | ||
| Malawi | 4.6 | 2.3 | 4.0 | 3.2 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 18.4 | 21.7 | 11.5 | 9.2 | 8.7 | 8.2 | ||
| Mali | 3.9 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 1.9 | -1.8 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 2.2 | ||
| Mauritius | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 1.0 | 3.7 | 3.2 | 2.1 | 3.7 | ||
| Mozambique | 7.0 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.3 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 6.1 | 19.9 | 15.1 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 5.5 | ||
| Namibia | 5.7 | 0.6 | -0.9 | -0.1 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 5.2 | 6.7 | 6.1 | 4.3 | 5.2 | 5.5 | ||
| Niger | 6.6 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.2 | 6.5 | 6.0 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 2.4 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 2.1 | ||
| Nigeria | 5.8 | -1.6 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 10.4 | 15.7 | 16.5 | 12.1 | 11.7 | 11.7 | ||
| Rwanda | 7.5 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 8.6 | 7.8 | 8.1 | 3.8 | 5.7 | 4.8 | 1.4 | 3.5 | 5.0 | ||
| São Tomé & Príncipe | 4.9 | 4.2 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 9.8 | 5.4 | 5.7 | 7.9 | 7.8 | 5.5 | ||
| Senegal | 4.3 | 6.2 | 7.2 | 6.2 | 6.9 | 7.5 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 1.5 | ||
| Seychelles | 5.1 | 4.5 | 5.3 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 2.8 | -1.0 | 2.9 | 3.7 | 3.4 | 3.0 | ||
| Sierra Leone | 5.3 | 6.4 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 6.2 | 10.9 | 18.2 | 16.9 | 15.8 | 13.0 | ||
| South Africa | 2.3 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 5.2 | 6.3 | 5.3 | 4.6 | 5.0 | 5.4 | ||
| South Sudan | -5.1 | -16.7 | -5.5 | -1.2 | 8.8 | 5.2 | 24.9 | 379.8 | 187.9 | 83.5 | 24.5 | 16.9 | ||
| Tanzania | 6.5 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 6.6 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 9.2 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 4.5 | ||
| Togo | 6.1 | 5.6 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 5.3 | 1.9 | 0.9 | -0.7 | 0.7 | 1.8 | 2.0 | ||
| Uganda | 5.3 | 2.3 | 5.0 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 7.5 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 2.6 | 3.6 | 4.4 | ||
| Zambia | 6.0 | 3.8 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 8.1 | 17.9 | 6.6 | 7.0 | 10.7 | 12.0 | ||
| Zimbabwe2 | 9.4 | 0.7 | 4.7 | 3.4 | -5.2 | 3.3 | 1.5 | -1.6 | 0.9 | 10.6 | 73.4 | 9.4 | ||
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 5.1 | 1.4 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 7.7 | 11.2 | 11.0 | 8.5 | 8.1 | 7.4 | ||
| Median | 5.0 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 4.3 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 5.5 | 5.3 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 5.0 | ||
| Excluding Nigeria and South Africa | a 5.8 | 3.4 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 7.3 | 10.6 | 10.3 | 8.0 | 7.4 | 6.0 | ||
| Oil-exporting countries | 5.3 | -1.8 | 0.5 | 1.4 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 9.4 | 17.5 | 17.1 | 12.2 | 11.1 | 10.3 | ||
| Excluding Nigeria | 4.1 | -2.2 | -0.3 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 3.2 | 6.9 | 22.4 | 18.6 | 12.4 | 9.6 | 6.7 | ||
| Oil-importing countries | 4.9 | 3.5 | 4.6 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 6.6 | 7.0 | 7.2 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 5.7 | ||
| Excluding South Africa | 6.4 | 5.1 | 6.1 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.5 | 7.4 | 7.3 | 8.1 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 5.8 | ||
| Middle-income countries | 4.7 | 0.4 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 7.7 | 11.6 | 11.0 | 8.2 | 8.1 | 7.9 | ||
| Excluding Nigeria and South Africa | a 5.3 | 2.7 | 3.7 | 3.4 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 6.7 | 11.1 | 9.6 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 5.9 | ||
| Low-income countries | 6.5 | 4.4 | 5.9 | 5.7 | 5.3 | 5.6 | 8.0 | 10.0 | 11.0 | 9.2 | 8.1 | 6.0 | ||
| Excluding low-income countries in fragile situations | 7.0 | 5.9 | 7.0 | 6.6 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 8.7 | 5.9 | 7.3 | 6.7 | 5.6 | 5.6 | ||
| Countries in fragile situations | 5.5 | 2.3 | 3.9 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 5.1 | 5.5 | 13.4 | 13.5 | 10.4 | 10.1 | 5.4 | ||
| CFA franc zone | 4.6 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 4.4 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 1.9 | 2.0 | ||
| CEMAC | 3.9 | -0.3 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 2.6 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.1 | ||
| WAEMU | 5.2 | 6.4 | 6.6 | 6.3 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 1.9 | ||
| COMESA (SSA members) | 6.8 | 4.8 | 5.8 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 5.7 | 8.7 | 8.1 | 10.4 | 9.3 | 9.2 | 6.8 | ||
| EAC-5 | 6.1 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 6.3 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 8.0 | 5.7 | 6.5 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 4.8 | ||
| ECOWAS | 5.9 | 0.5 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 9.0 | 12.8 | 12.9 | 9.7 | 9.4 | 9.3 | ||
| SACU | 2.6 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 5.3 | 6.2 | 5.2 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 5.3 | ||
| SADC | 3.9 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.6 | 6.6 | 10.3 | 9.9 | 7.7 | 8.0 | 6.5 | ||
Fiscal year data.
In February, 2019, Zimbabwe adopted a new local currency unit, the RTGS dollar, which has become the official unit of account. Efforts are underway to revise and update all national accounts series to the new RTGS dollar. Current data are based on IMF staff estimates of price and exchange rate developments in US (and RTGS) dollars. Staff estimates of US dollar values may differ from authorities’ estimates.
Table SA2.
Sources: IMF, Common Surveillance database and IMF, World Economic Outlook database, April 2019.
Note: “…” denotes data not available.
Overall Fiscal Balance, Including Grants and Government Debt
Fiscal year data.
In February, 2019, Zimbabwe adopted a new local currency unit, the RTGS dollar, which has become the official unit of account. Efforts are underway to revise and update all national accounts series to the new RTGS dollar. Current data are based on IMF staff estimates of price and exchange rate developments in US (and RTGS) dollars. Staff estimates of US dollar values may differ from authorities’ estimates.
Table SA2.
Sources: IMF, Common Surveillance database and IMF, World Economic Outlook database, April 2019.
Note: “…” denotes data not available.
Overall Fiscal Balance, Including Grants and Government Debt
| Overall Fiscal Balance, Including Grants (Percent of GDP) | Government Debt (Percent of GDP) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010–15 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2010–15 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | |||
| Angola | 1.1 | -4.5 | -6.3 | 2.4 | 0.1 | -0.1 | 37.2 | 75.7 | 68.5 | 88.1 | 90.5 | 82.8 | ||
| Benin | -0.6 | -5.9 | -5.8 | -4.7 | -2.7 | -1.8 | 30.6 | 49.7 | 54.4 | 54.6 | 54.0 | 51.5 | ||
| Botswana | 4.5 | 0.7 | -1.0 | -3.1 | -3.5 | -2.6 | 18.6 | 15.6 | 14.1 | 12.9 | 12.8 | 13.4 | ||
| Burkina Faso | -0.8 | -3.6 | -7.9 | -4.7 | -3.0 | -3.0 | 30.3 | 39.2 | 38.4 | 43.0 | 42.5 | 42.1 | ||
| Burundi | -8.2 | -6.2 | -7.8 | -8.6 | -9.1 | -10.0 | 41.4 | 48.4 | 51.7 | 58.4 | 63.5 | 69.1 | ||
| Cabo Verde | -3.4 | -3.0 | -3.1 | -2.7 | -2.3 | -2.6 | 97.8 | 127.6 | 124.6 | 127.7 | 125.3 | 120.8 | ||
| Cameroon | 7.9 | -6.1 | -4.9 | -2.7 | -2.2 | -1.7 | 19.6 | 32.5 | 36.9 | 37.7 | 38.1 | 37.4 | ||
| Central African Rep. | 0.5 | 1.6 | -1.1 | 0.7 | 0.7 | -0.1 | 39.7 | 56.0 | 52.9 | 48.5 | 42.2 | 39.2 | ||
| Chad | 1.2 | -2.0 | -0.1 | 1.4 | -0.2 | 1.5 | 34.1 | 51.8 | 52.4 | 46.6 | 42.9 | 38.4 | ||
| Comoros | -1.7 | -7.4 | 0.6 | -1.8 | -2.6 | -2.8 | 33.9 | 27.8 | 31.8 | 31.2 | 35.1 | 36.3 | ||
| Congo, Dem. Rep. of | 0.1 | -1.0 | -1.5 | -0.5 | -0.5 | -0.5 | 22.3 | 19.3 | 18.1 | 15.7 | 14.0 | 13.2 | ||
| Congo, Rep. of | 14.6 | -20.4 | -7.5 | 5.4 | 7.2 | 9.6 | 60.3 | 127.8 | 125.4 | 98.5 | 90.2 | 83.7 | ||
| Côte d’Ivoire | -1.0 | -4.0 | -4.5 | -4.0 | -3.0 | -3.0 | 52.1 | 48.4 | 49.8 | 52.2 | 50.9 | 49.1 | ||
| Equatorial Guinea | 16.3 | -10.9 | -2.6 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 12.4 | 43.4 | 38.0 | 35.9 | 37.5 | 37.0 | ||
| Eritrea | -17.9 | -14.7 | -14.5 | -13.2 | -13.0 | -14.4 | 132.2 | 132.8 | 131.2 | 129.4 | 127.3 | 136.2 | ||
| Eswatini | 1.4 | -10.8 | -6.5 | -10.1 | -8.8 | -5.1 | 15.1 | 26.0 | 29.2 | 34.9 | 41.1 | 43.1 | ||
| Ethiopia1 | -3.4 | -2.3 | -3.3 | -3.0 | -3.0 | -3.0 | 46.3 | 56.1 | 59.0 | 61.1 | 57.4 | 56.3 | ||
| Gabon | 8.5 | -4.7 | -1.7 | 1.5 | 0.3 | -0.0 | 29.0 | 64.2 | 62.6 | 58.2 | 58.5 | 55.7 | ||
| Gambia, The | -1.6 | -6.5 | -5.4 | -6.6 | -0.2 | -3.5 | 56.0 | 82.3 | 87.9 | 83.2 | 78.7 | 75.2 | ||
| Ghana | -3.8 | -6.9 | -4.1 | -7.0 | -5.6 | -4.4 | 41.8 | 57.1 | 57.3 | 59.6 | 62.0 | 60.0 | ||
| Guinea | -1.1 | -0.1 | -2.0 | -2.0 | -2.3 | -1.7 | 44.2 | 42.0 | 40.4 | 38.7 | 46.0 | 45.3 | ||
| Guinea-Bissau | -5.4 | -5.6 | -1.4 | -5.1 | -2.8 | -3.1 | 53.8 | 57.9 | 53.9 | 56.1 | 54.9 | 51.8 | ||
| Kenya | -1.9 | -8.3 | -7.8 | -7.3 | -5.2 | -4.0 | 45.9 | 53.2 | 54.8 | 57.2 | 55.5 | 52.8 | ||
| Lesotho | 7.6 | -6.3 | -3.1 | -4.9 | -5.4 | -5.2 | 37.3 | 37.2 | 36.8 | 39.0 | 37.9 | 37.3 | ||
| Liberia | 0.5 | -3.7 | -5.1 | -5.6 | -6.0 | -6.5 | 20.7 | 28.3 | 34.1 | 40.5 | 46.7 | 52.6 | ||
| Madagascar | -2.6 | -1.3 | -2.4 | -2.2 | -2.5 | -4.1 | 35.3 | 41.9 | 40.3 | 39.7 | 41.0 | 42.1 | ||
| Malawi | -2.3 | -7.3 | -7.3 | -5.1 | -0.9 | -2.7 | 46.6 | 61.3 | 61.9 | 61.3 | 59.0 | 58.5 | ||
| Mali | 3.6 | -3.9 | -2.9 | -4.7 | -3.0 | -3.0 | 26.5 | 35.9 | 35.4 | 36.6 | 36.9 | 37.6 | ||
| Mauritius | -3.6 | -3.5 | -2.4 | -2.4 | -2.8 | -2.7 | 59.6 | 66.2 | 63.7 | 65.2 | 67.5 | 67.8 | ||
| Mozambique | -2.9 | -6.3 | -3.4 | -5.3 | -5.4 | -6.0 | 54.2 | 121.6 | 103.2 | 100.4 | 124.5 | 119.9 | ||
| Namibia | 1.9 | -8.7 | -4.8 | -5.9 | -8.0 | -7.2 | 25.6 | 39.5 | 41.5 | 47.1 | 51.6 | 55.9 | ||
| Niger | 7.1 | -6.1 | -5.7 | -4.9 | -4.5 | -3.0 | 27.8 | 43.7 | 49.0 | 55.1 | 55.6 | 54.1 | ||
| Nigeria | 4.7 | -4.0 | -5.4 | -4.5 | -5.1 | -4.6 | 16.9 | 23.4 | 25.3 | 28.4 | 30.1 | 31.4 | ||
| Rwanda | 0.6 | -2.3 | -2.5 | -2.6 | -3.2 | -3.4 | 22.0 | 32.9 | 36.5 | 40.7 | 50.0 | 51.3 | ||
| São Tomé & Príncipe | 31.5 | -4.2 | -2.6 | -2.1 | -1.9 | -1.8 | 77.6 | 92.0 | 88.6 | 81.3 | 74.1 | 67.3 | ||
| Senegal | -2.0 | -3.3 | -2.9 | -3.4 | -3.0 | -3.0 | 36.5 | 47.7 | 60.6 | 64.4 | 62.0 | 60.4 | ||
| Seychelles | -0.7 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 75.5 | 69.0 | 63.6 | 58.2 | 54.5 | 49.5 | ||
| Sierra Leone | 2.2 | -8.5 | -8.7 | -6.8 | -4.3 | -5.0 | 39.8 | 55.5 | 57.6 | 71.3 | 72.4 | 72.0 | ||
| South Africa | 0.1 | -4.1 | -4.4 | -4.4 | -5.1 | -5.1 | 42.4 | 51.5 | 53.0 | 56.7 | 57.8 | 59.8 | ||
| South Sudan | … | -22.0 | 3.9 | -1.0 | 0.0 | -6.9 | 26.8 | 89.3 | 65.2 | 43.8 | 37.8 | 34.2 | ||
| Tanzania | -2.5 | -2.1 | -1.2 | -1.8 | -2.6 | -3.1 | 30.4 | 36.4 | 36.6 | 36.0 | 36.6 | 37.2 | ||
| Togo | -1.5 | -9.5 | -0.3 | -3.1 | -1.5 | -1.2 | 55.6 | 81.1 | 75.6 | 74.6 | 70.4 | 65.8 | ||
| Uganda | -0.8 | -4.8 | -3.8 | -4.8 | -6.7 | -8.4 | 27.2 | 37.1 | 39.7 | 42.2 | 44.8 | 48.1 | ||
| Zambia | 2.1 | -5.8 | -7.7 | -6.5 | -5.0 | -5.9 | 31.8 | 60.7 | 62.7 | 72.4 | 80.5 | 83.5 | ||
| Zimbabwe2 | -3.0 | -6.5 | -8.4 | -3.8 | -2.0 | -2.5 | 41.5 | 54.2 | 52.9 | 29.8 | 21.0 | 20.5 | ||
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 1.7 | -4.5 | -4.7 | -3.7 | -4.0 | -3.8 | 31.9 | 44.4 | 46.4 | 49.2 | 49.2 | 48.9 | ||
| Median | -0.7 | -4.8 | -3.4 | -3.8 | -2.8 | -3.0 | 36.0 | 51.5 | 52.9 | 54.6 | 54.0 | 51.8 | ||
| Excluding Nigeria and South Africa | 1.1 | -4.9 | -4.5 | -3.1 | -3.0 | -2.9 | 36.4 | 53.0 | 53.1 | 55.4 | 55.2 | 53.4 | ||
| Oil-exporting countries | 5.3 | -4.6 | -5.3 | -2.5 | -3.5 | -3.3 | 21.7 | 36.5 | 38.5 | 42.4 | 41.6 | 40.6 | ||
| Excluding Nigeria | 6.6 | -6.0 | -5.1 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 32.4 | 66.1 | 62.6 | 69.9 | 69.2 | 64.2 | ||
| Oil-importing countries | -0.5 | -4.4 | -4.3 | -4.4 | -4.3 | -4.1 | 40.0 | 49.8 | 51.1 | 53.0 | 53.7 | 53.7 | ||
| Excluding South Africa | -1.2 | -4.6 | -4.3 | -4.4 | -3.8 | -3.7 | 38.4 | 48.9 | 50.0 | 51.0 | 51.5 | 50.7 | ||
| Middle-income countries | 2.2 | -4.7 | -5.1 | -3.9 | -4.3 | -4.0 | 31.1 | 43.5 | 45.9 | 49.9 | 49.9 | 49.5 | ||
| Excluding Nigeria and South Africa | a 2.5 | -6.0 | -5.3 | -3.0 | -3.0 | -2.5 | 37.0 | 57.4 | 57.1 | 62.0 | 61.7 | 59.0 | ||
| Low-income countries | -1.3 | -3.6 | -3.5 | -3.2 | -3.0 | -3.4 | 35.7 | 47.5 | 47.8 | 46.9 | 47.2 | 46.8 | ||
| Excluding low-income countries in fragile situations | -1.6 | -3.2 | -3.3 | -3.3 | -3.5 | -3.9 | 36.0 | 49.2 | 50.2 | 51.9 | 53.1 | 52.8 | ||
| Countries in fragile situations | 0.6 | -5.0 | -4.1 | -2.7 | -1.9 | -1.9 | 40.1 | 49.4 | 49.2 | 45.1 | 43.0 | 41.6 | ||
| CFA franc zone | 4.7 | -5.6 | -4.0 | -2.2 | -1.7 | -1.3 | 32.9 | 49.3 | 51.6 | 51.5 | 50.4 | 48.6 | ||
| CEMAC | 9.3 | -7.3 | -3.6 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 27.3 | 52.4 | 53.5 | 49.7 | 48.6 | 46.2 | ||
| WAEMU | -0.1 | -4.4 | -4.3 | -4.2 | -3.0 | -2.8 | 39.0 | 46.9 | 50.1 | 52.8 | 51.7 | 50.3 | ||
| COMESA (SSA members) | -1.6 | -4.8 | -5.1 | -4.5 | -3.9 | -3.9 | 39.3 | 49.3 | 50.8 | 51.3 | 50.6 | 50.0 | ||
| EAC-5 | -1.9 | -5.4 | -4.8 | -5.0 | -4.6 | -4.5 | 35.9 | 44.2 | 45.8 | 47.6 | 48.1 | 47.7 | ||
| ECOWAS | 2.8 | -4.3 | -5.0 | -4.7 | -4.7 | -4.2 | 23.0 | 31.6 | 34.5 | 37.7 | 38.6 | 38.8 | ||
| SACU | 0.3 | -4.1 | -4.3 | -4.5 | -5.1 | -5.0 | 40.6 | 49.0 | 50.5 | 54.0 | 55.1 | 57.1 | ||
| SADC | 0.3 | -3.9 | -4.4 | -3.0 | -3.7 | -3.8 | 38.8 | 52.8 | 52.4 | 56.1 | 56.7 | 56.5 | ||
Fiscal year data.
In February, 2019, Zimbabwe adopted a new local currency unit, the RTGS dollar, which has become the official unit of account. Efforts are underway to revise and update all national accounts series to the new RTGS dollar. Current data are based on IMF staff estimates of price and exchange rate developments in US (and RTGS) dollars. Staff estimates of US dollar values may differ from authorities’ estimates.
Table SA2.
Sources: IMF, Common Surveillance database and IMF, World Economic Outlook database, April 2019.
Note: “…” denotes data not available.
Overall Fiscal Balance, Including Grants and Government Debt
| Overall Fiscal Balance, Including Grants (Percent of GDP) | Government Debt (Percent of GDP) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010–15 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2010–15 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | |||
| Angola | 1.1 | -4.5 | -6.3 | 2.4 | 0.1 | -0.1 | 37.2 | 75.7 | 68.5 | 88.1 | 90.5 | 82.8 | ||
| Benin | -0.6 | -5.9 | -5.8 | -4.7 | -2.7 | -1.8 | 30.6 | 49.7 | 54.4 | 54.6 | 54.0 | 51.5 | ||
| Botswana | 4.5 | 0.7 | -1.0 | -3.1 | -3.5 | -2.6 | 18.6 | 15.6 | 14.1 | 12.9 | 12.8 | 13.4 | ||
| Burkina Faso | -0.8 | -3.6 | -7.9 | -4.7 | -3.0 | -3.0 | 30.3 | 39.2 | 38.4 | 43.0 | 42.5 | 42.1 | ||
| Burundi | -8.2 | -6.2 | -7.8 | -8.6 | -9.1 | -10.0 | 41.4 | 48.4 | 51.7 | 58.4 | 63.5 | 69.1 | ||
| Cabo Verde | -3.4 | -3.0 | -3.1 | -2.7 | -2.3 | -2.6 | 97.8 | 127.6 | 124.6 | 127.7 | 125.3 | 120.8 | ||
| Cameroon | 7.9 | -6.1 | -4.9 | -2.7 | -2.2 | -1.7 | 19.6 | 32.5 | 36.9 | 37.7 | 38.1 | 37.4 | ||
| Central African Rep. | 0.5 | 1.6 | -1.1 | 0.7 | 0.7 | -0.1 | 39.7 | 56.0 | 52.9 | 48.5 | 42.2 | 39.2 | ||
| Chad | 1.2 | -2.0 | -0.1 | 1.4 | -0.2 | 1.5 | 34.1 | 51.8 | 52.4 | 46.6 | 42.9 | 38.4 | ||
| Comoros | -1.7 | -7.4 | 0.6 | -1.8 | -2.6 | -2.8 | 33.9 | 27.8 | 31.8 | 31.2 | 35.1 | 36.3 | ||
| Congo, Dem. Rep. of | 0.1 | -1.0 | -1.5 | -0.5 | -0.5 | -0.5 | 22.3 | 19.3 | 18.1 | 15.7 | 14.0 | 13.2 | ||
| Congo, Rep. of | 14.6 | -20.4 | -7.5 | 5.4 | 7.2 | 9.6 | 60.3 | 127.8 | 125.4 | 98.5 | 90.2 | 83.7 | ||
| Côte d’Ivoire | -1.0 | -4.0 | -4.5 | -4.0 | -3.0 | -3.0 | 52.1 | 48.4 | 49.8 | 52.2 | 50.9 | 49.1 | ||
| Equatorial Guinea | 16.3 | -10.9 | -2.6 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 12.4 | 43.4 | 38.0 | 35.9 | 37.5 | 37.0 | ||
| Eritrea | -17.9 | -14.7 | -14.5 | -13.2 | -13.0 | -14.4 | 132.2 | 132.8 | 131.2 | 129.4 | 127.3 | 136.2 | ||
| Eswatini | 1.4 | -10.8 | -6.5 | -10.1 | -8.8 | -5.1 | 15.1 | 26.0 | 29.2 | 34.9 | 41.1 | 43.1 | ||
| Ethiopia1 | -3.4 | -2.3 | -3.3 | -3.0 | -3.0 | -3.0 | 46.3 | 56.1 | 59.0 | 61.1 | 57.4 | 56.3 | ||
| Gabon | 8.5 | -4.7 | -1.7 | 1.5 | 0.3 | -0.0 | 29.0 | 64.2 | 62.6 | 58.2 | 58.5 | 55.7 | ||
| Gambia, The | -1.6 | -6.5 | -5.4 | -6.6 | -0.2 | -3.5 | 56.0 | 82.3 | 87.9 | 83.2 | 78.7 | 75.2 | ||
| Ghana | -3.8 | -6.9 | -4.1 | -7.0 | -5.6 | -4.4 | 41.8 | 57.1 | 57.3 | 59.6 | 62.0 | 60.0 | ||
| Guinea | -1.1 | -0.1 | -2.0 | -2.0 | -2.3 | -1.7 | 44.2 | 42.0 | 40.4 | 38.7 | 46.0 | 45.3 | ||
| Guinea-Bissau | -5.4 | -5.6 | -1.4 | -5.1 | -2.8 | -3.1 | 53.8 | 57.9 | 53.9 | 56.1 | 54.9 | 51.8 | ||
| Kenya | -1.9 | -8.3 | -7.8 | -7.3 | -5.2 | -4.0 | 45.9 | 53.2 | 54.8 | 57.2 | 55.5 | 52.8 | ||
| Lesotho | 7.6 | -6.3 | -3.1 | -4.9 | -5.4 | -5.2 | 37.3 | 37.2 | 36.8 | 39.0 | 37.9 | 37.3 | ||
| Liberia | 0.5 | -3.7 | -5.1 | -5.6 | -6.0 | -6.5 | 20.7 | 28.3 | 34.1 | 40.5 | 46.7 | 52.6 | ||
| Madagascar | -2.6 | -1.3 | -2.4 | -2.2 | -2.5 | -4.1 | 35.3 | 41.9 | 40.3 | 39.7 | 41.0 | 42.1 | ||
| Malawi | -2.3 | -7.3 | -7.3 | -5.1 | -0.9 | -2.7 | 46.6 | 61.3 | 61.9 | 61.3 | 59.0 | 58.5 | ||
| Mali | 3.6 | -3.9 | -2.9 | -4.7 | -3.0 | -3.0 | 26.5 | 35.9 | 35.4 | 36.6 | 36.9 | 37.6 | ||
| Mauritius | -3.6 | -3.5 | -2.4 | -2.4 | -2.8 | -2.7 | 59.6 | 66.2 | 63.7 | 65.2 | 67.5 | 67.8 | ||
| Mozambique | -2.9 | -6.3 | -3.4 | -5.3 | -5.4 | -6.0 | 54.2 | 121.6 | 103.2 | 100.4 | 124.5 | 119.9 | ||
| Namibia | 1.9 | -8.7 | -4.8 | -5.9 | -8.0 | -7.2 | 25.6 | 39.5 | 41.5 | 47.1 | 51.6 | 55.9 | ||
| Niger | 7.1 | -6.1 | -5.7 | -4.9 | -4.5 | -3.0 | 27.8 | 43.7 | 49.0 | 55.1 | 55.6 | 54.1 | ||
| Nigeria | 4.7 | -4.0 | -5.4 | -4.5 | -5.1 | -4.6 | 16.9 | 23.4 | 25.3 | 28.4 | 30.1 | 31.4 | ||
| Rwanda | 0.6 | -2.3 | -2.5 | -2.6 | -3.2 | -3.4 | 22.0 | 32.9 | 36.5 | 40.7 | 50.0 | 51.3 | ||
| São Tomé & Príncipe | 31.5 | -4.2 | -2.6 | -2.1 | -1.9 | -1.8 | 77.6 | 92.0 | 88.6 | 81.3 | 74.1 | 67.3 | ||
| Senegal | -2.0 | -3.3 | -2.9 | -3.4 | -3.0 | -3.0 | 36.5 | 47.7 | 60.6 | 64.4 | 62.0 | 60.4 | ||
| Seychelles | -0.7 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 75.5 | 69.0 | 63.6 | 58.2 | 54.5 | 49.5 | ||
| Sierra Leone | 2.2 | -8.5 | -8.7 | -6.8 | -4.3 | -5.0 | 39.8 | 55.5 | 57.6 | 71.3 | 72.4 | 72.0 | ||
| South Africa | 0.1 | -4.1 | -4.4 | -4.4 | -5.1 | -5.1 | 42.4 | 51.5 | 53.0 | 56.7 | 57.8 | 59.8 | ||
| South Sudan | … | -22.0 | 3.9 | -1.0 | 0.0 | -6.9 | 26.8 | 89.3 | 65.2 | 43.8 | 37.8 | 34.2 | ||
| Tanzania | -2.5 | -2.1 | -1.2 | -1.8 | -2.6 | -3.1 | 30.4 | 36.4 | 36.6 | 36.0 | 36.6 | 37.2 | ||
| Togo | -1.5 | -9.5 | -0.3 | -3.1 | -1.5 | -1.2 | 55.6 | 81.1 | 75.6 | 74.6 | 70.4 | 65.8 | ||
| Uganda | -0.8 | -4.8 | -3.8 | -4.8 | -6.7 | -8.4 | 27.2 | 37.1 | 39.7 | 42.2 | 44.8 | 48.1 | ||
| Zambia | 2.1 | -5.8 | -7.7 | -6.5 | -5.0 | -5.9 | 31.8 | 60.7 | 62.7 | 72.4 | 80.5 | 83.5 | ||
| Zimbabwe2 | -3.0 | -6.5 | -8.4 | -3.8 | -2.0 | -2.5 | 41.5 | 54.2 | 52.9 | 29.8 | 21.0 | 20.5 | ||
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 1.7 | -4.5 | -4.7 | -3.7 | -4.0 | -3.8 | 31.9 | 44.4 | 46.4 | 49.2 | 49.2 | 48.9 | ||
| Median | -0.7 | -4.8 | -3.4 | -3.8 | -2.8 | -3.0 | 36.0 | 51.5 | 52.9 | 54.6 | 54.0 | 51.8 | ||
| Excluding Nigeria and South Africa | 1.1 | -4.9 | -4.5 | -3.1 | -3.0 | -2.9 | 36.4 | 53.0 | 53.1 | 55.4 | 55.2 | 53.4 | ||
| Oil-exporting countries | 5.3 | -4.6 | -5.3 | -2.5 | -3.5 | -3.3 | 21.7 | 36.5 | 38.5 | 42.4 | 41.6 | 40.6 | ||
| Excluding Nigeria | 6.6 | -6.0 | -5.1 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 32.4 | 66.1 | 62.6 | 69.9 | 69.2 | 64.2 | ||
| Oil-importing countries | -0.5 | -4.4 | -4.3 | -4.4 | -4.3 | -4.1 | 40.0 | 49.8 | 51.1 | 53.0 | 53.7 | 53.7 | ||
| Excluding South Africa | -1.2 | -4.6 | -4.3 | -4.4 | -3.8 | -3.7 | 38.4 | 48.9 | 50.0 | 51.0 | 51.5 | 50.7 | ||
| Middle-income countries | 2.2 | -4.7 | -5.1 | -3.9 | -4.3 | -4.0 | 31.1 | 43.5 | 45.9 | 49.9 | 49.9 | 49.5 | ||
| Excluding Nigeria and South Africa | a 2.5 | -6.0 | -5.3 | -3.0 | -3.0 | -2.5 | 37.0 | 57.4 | 57.1 | 62.0 | 61.7 | 59.0 | ||
| Low-income countries | -1.3 | -3.6 | -3.5 | -3.2 | -3.0 | -3.4 | 35.7 | 47.5 | 47.8 | 46.9 | 47.2 | 46.8 | ||
| Excluding low-income countries in fragile situations | -1.6 | -3.2 | -3.3 | -3.3 | -3.5 | -3.9 | 36.0 | 49.2 | 50.2 | 51.9 | 53.1 | 52.8 | ||
| Countries in fragile situations | 0.6 | -5.0 | -4.1 | -2.7 | -1.9 | -1.9 | 40.1 | 49.4 | 49.2 | 45.1 | 43.0 | 41.6 | ||
| CFA franc zone | 4.7 | -5.6 | -4.0 | -2.2 | -1.7 | -1.3 | 32.9 | 49.3 | 51.6 | 51.5 | 50.4 | 48.6 | ||
| CEMAC | 9.3 | -7.3 | -3.6 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 27.3 | 52.4 | 53.5 | 49.7 | 48.6 | 46.2 | ||
| WAEMU | -0.1 | -4.4 | -4.3 | -4.2 | -3.0 | -2.8 | 39.0 | 46.9 | 50.1 | 52.8 | 51.7 | 50.3 | ||
| COMESA (SSA members) | -1.6 | -4.8 | -5.1 | -4.5 | -3.9 | -3.9 | 39.3 | 49.3 | 50.8 | 51.3 | 50.6 | 50.0 | ||
| EAC-5 | -1.9 | -5.4 | -4.8 | -5.0 | -4.6 | -4.5 | 35.9 | 44.2 | 45.8 | 47.6 | 48.1 | 47.7 | ||
| ECOWAS | 2.8 | -4.3 | -5.0 | -4.7 | -4.7 | -4.2 | 23.0 | 31.6 | 34.5 | 37.7 | 38.6 | 38.8 | ||
| SACU | 0.3 | -4.1 | -4.3 | -4.5 | -5.1 | -5.0 | 40.6 | 49.0 | 50.5 | 54.0 | 55.1 | 57.1 | ||
| SADC | 0.3 | -3.9 | -4.4 | -3.0 | -3.7 | -3.8 | 38.8 | 52.8 | 52.4 | 56.1 | 56.7 | 56.5 | ||
Fiscal year data.
In February, 2019, Zimbabwe adopted a new local currency unit, the RTGS dollar, which has become the official unit of account. Efforts are underway to revise and update all national accounts series to the new RTGS dollar. Current data are based on IMF staff estimates of price and exchange rate developments in US (and RTGS) dollars. Staff estimates of US dollar values may differ from authorities’ estimates.
Table SA3.
Sources: IMF, Common Surveillance database and IMF, World Economic Outlook database, April 2019.
Note: “…” denotes data not available.
Broad Money and External Current Account, Including Grants
Fiscal year data.
In February, 2019, Zimbabwe adopted a new local currency unit, the RTGS dollar, which has become the official unit of account. Efforts are underway to revise and update all national accounts series to the new RTGS dollar. Current data are based on IMF staff estimates of price and exchange rate developments in US (and RTGS) dollars. Staff estimates of US dollar values may differ from authorities’ estimates.
Table SA3.
Sources: IMF, Common Surveillance database and IMF, World Economic Outlook database, April 2019.
Note: “…” denotes data not available.
Broad Money and External Current Account, Including Grants
| Broad Money (Percent of GDP) | External Current Account, Including Grants (Percent of GDP) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010–15 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2010–15 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | |||
| Angola | 35.2 | 39.5 | 32.2 | 29.9 | 31.4 | 31.5 | 4.4 | -4.8 | -0.3 | 1.3 | -3.8 | -1.9 | ||
| Benin | 37.5 | 41.0 | 39.2 | 39.0 | 39.0 | 43.7 | -8.5 | -9.4 | -9.9 | -8.9 | -8.4 | -7.4 | ||
| Botswana | 43.9 | 41.4 | 40.2 | 40.9 | 41.4 | 41.7 | 5.4 | 13.7 | 12.3 | 9.6 | 8.6 | 8.0 | ||
| Burkina Faso | 30.5 | 40.4 | 44.2 | 46.1 | 48.8 | 51.7 | -6.9 | -7.6 | -9.4 | -7.5 | -5.8 | -4.8 | ||
| Burundi | 24.6 | 21.7 | 22.9 | 25.8 | 26.4 | 26.3 | -16.8 | -13.1 | -12.3 | -13.4 | -12.6 | -11.9 | ||
| Cabo Verde | 87.4 | 102.6 | 104.5 | 103.5 | 103.5 | 102.8 | -9.7 | -2.4 | -6.2 | -7.1 | -7.3 | -6.5 | ||
| Cameroon | 21.6 | 22.5 | 22.6 | 23.3 | 23.4 | 23.3 | -3.3 | -3.2 | -2.7 | -4.0 | -3.7 | -3.4 | ||
| Central African Rep. | 23.4 | 26.2 | 26.7 | 25.5 | 28.4 | 29.2 | -8.7 | -5.5 | -8.3 | -8.6 | -6.1 | -6.0 | ||
| Chad | 13.4 | 15.8 | 15.8 | 15.7 | 16.1 | 16.0 | -9.0 | -9.2 | -5.7 | -4.8 | -6.1 | -4.3 | ||
| Comoros | 37.7 | 46.1 | 45.2 | 45.2 | 45.2 | 45.2 | -4.3 | -6.5 | -4.0 | -9.1 | -8.9 | -8.8 | ||
| Congo, Dem. Rep. of | 11.3 | 12.5 | 11.4 | 13.2 | 13.4 | 13.3 | -5.6 | -3.1 | -0.5 | -0.5 | -1.8 | -2.9 | ||
| Congo, Rep. of | 33.5 | 42.7 | 33.8 | 28.6 | 28.8 | 29.2 | -0.0 | -46.2 | -3.9 | 5.5 | 4.7 | 5.9 | ||
| Côte d’Ivoire | 15.6 | 14.6 | 13.6 | 13.7 | 16.4 | 16.4 | 1.8 | -1.2 | -2.8 | -3.4 | -3.0 | -2.8 | ||
| Equatorial Guinea | 14.5 | 17.4 | 16.4 | 14.3 | 15.2 | 15.9 | -8.4 | -13.0 | -5.8 | -3.6 | -4.7 | -5.7 | ||
| Eritrea | 112.1 | 100.8 | 101.4 | 101.7 | 101.6 | 110.7 | 1.0 | -2.1 | -2.4 | -1.6 | -2.0 | -2.0 | ||
| Eswatini | 25.1 | 29.8 | 29.3 | 28.9 | 28.9 | 28.7 | 9.5 | 14.3 | 12.5 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 11.6 | ||
| Ethiopia1 | 27.3 | 28.9 | 31.7 | 33.6 | 34.3 | 35.8 | -5.7 | -9.3 | -8.6 | -6.5 | -6.0 | -5.4 | ||
| Gabon | 23.0 | 24.7 | 22.7 | 23.8 | 26.9 | 29.5 | 11.0 | -9.9 | -4.4 | -1.9 | -3.6 | -1.2 | ||
| Gambia, The | 35.0 | 36.7 | 40.5 | 43.1 | 44.5 | 44.9 | -7.5 | -9.4 | -7.1 | -11.5 | -9.8 | -12.7 | ||
| Ghana | 23.1 | 26.4 | 25.8 | 26.1 | 27.0 | 27.7 | -7.3 | -5.2 | -3.4 | -3.2 | -3.0 | -3.5 | ||
| Guinea | 24.5 | 24.9 | 23.8 | 22.9 | 22.4 | 22.1 | -13.8 | -31.6 | -6.8 | -16.1 | -20.1 | -17.3 | ||
| Guinea-Bissau | 35.9 | 47.9 | 44.7 | 44.2 | 44.6 | 45.5 | -3.4 | 1.3 | -0.6 | -1.6 | -3.9 | -3.3 | ||
| Kenya | 41.5 | 38.4 | 36.9 | 36.9 | 37.2 | 37.6 | -8.2 | -5.2 | -6.3 | -5.4 | -5.0 | -4.9 | ||
| Lesotho | 32.7 | 31.1 | 35.3 | 35.1 | 33.4 | 32.4 | -7.4 | -8.4 | -4.6 | -5.8 | -12.6 | -4.3 | ||
| Liberia | 23.3 | 20.5 | 19.9 | 22.5 | 23.6 | 24.5 | -21.7 | -18.6 | -23.4 | -23.3 | -23.4 | -23.6 | ||
| Madagascar | 25.6 | 28.5 | 29.7 | 29.3 | 30.4 | 30.2 | -5.9 | 0.6 | -0.5 | 0.3 | -1.4 | -3.5 | ||
| Malawi | 24.6 | 22.8 | 23.6 | 23.6 | 23.6 | 23.6 | -8.6 | -12.9 | -11.0 | -9.2 | -6.8 | -7.6 | ||
| Mali | 26.8 | 28.9 | 29.0 | 29.0 | 29.1 | 30.0 | -5.1 | -7.2 | -5.9 | -7.3 | -5.6 | -6.1 | ||
| Mauritius | 99.9 | 109.9 | 114.1 | 113.7 | 113.7 | 113.7 | -7.6 | -4.0 | -5.6 | -6.2 | -7.4 | -6.7 | ||
| Mozambique | 32.8 | 37.1 | 35.8 | 34.2 | 34.2 | 34.2 | -34.6 | -39.3 | -20.2 | -34.4 | -51.1 | -63.8 | ||
| Namibia | 58.4 | 51.8 | 53.4 | 54.1 | 54.1 | 54.1 | -6.6 | -12.8 | -6.2 | -4.3 | -3.9 | -3.2 | ||
| Niger | 22.6 | 26.8 | 24.4 | 22.0 | 21.6 | 21.6 | -18.0 | -15.5 | -15.7 | -16.3 | -21.0 | -23.1 | ||
| Nigeria | 20.5 | 25.4 | 24.7 | 25.4 | 26.2 | 27.1 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 2.8 | 2.1 | -0.4 | -0.2 | ||
| Rwanda | 21.0 | 23.9 | 23.6 | 25.3 | 25.6 | 25.9 | -9.7 | -14.3 | -6.8 | -7.8 | -9.2 | -8.7 | ||
| São Tomé & Príncipe | 38.9 | 34.3 | 31.4 | 32.9 | 32.8 | 32.8 | -20.4 | -6.5 | -12.7 | -10.6 | -9.4 | -8.2 | ||
| Senegal | 30.3 | 37.4 | 37.5 | 36.5 | 37.7 | 37.7 | -6.6 | -4.0 | -7.3 | -7.2 | -7.3 | -10.2 | ||
| Seychelles | 61.4 | 71.8 | 77.7 | 78.1 | 77.4 | 77.9 | -19.5 | -20.1 | -20.5 | -16.3 | -16.0 | -15.7 | ||
| Sierra Leone | 22.4 | 25.1 | 23.6 | 23.9 | 24.4 | 24.0 | -27.0 | -2.3 | -10.9 | -13.8 | -10.9 | -9.7 | ||
| South Africa | 73.1 | 72.4 | 72.4 | 72.4 | 72.4 | 72.4 | -4.1 | -2.8 | -2.4 | -3.4 | -3.4 | -3.7 | ||
| South Sudan | 19.9 | 29.8 | 16.6 | 16.1 | 13.7 | 13.2 | -2.1 | 0.1 | -6.6 | -12.5 | -12.0 | -19.3 | ||
| Tanzania | 23.6 | 21.4 | 20.7 | 20.2 | 20.7 | 21.0 | -9.7 | -4.4 | -3.3 | -3.7 | -3.9 | -4.2 | ||
| Togo | 45.1 | 53.4 | 56.1 | 56.1 | 56.1 | 56.1 | -9.2 | -9.7 | -7.9 | -7.9 | -6.2 | -5.2 | ||
| Uganda | 20.6 | 21.7 | 22.3 | 21.9 | 19.3 | 19.7 | -7.9 | -3.4 | -5.0 | -6.8 | -8.2 | -9.1 | ||
| Zambia | 20.7 | 20.6 | 22.0 | 22.1 | 22.4 | 22.6 | 2.5 | -4.5 | -3.9 | -5.0 | -2.9 | -2.7 | ||
| Zimbabwe2 | 21.2 | 27.1 | 29.6 | 18.9 | 15.1 | 15.3 | -12.1 | -3.6 | -1.3 | -4.0 | -3.0 | -4.6 | ||
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 35.8 | 37.3 | 36.6 | 36.5 | 36.8 | 37.2 | -2.5 | -3.7 | -2.1 | -2.6 | -3.7 | -3.7 | ||
| Median | 26.8 | 28.9 | 29.6 | 28.9 | 28.9 | 29.5 | -7.2 | -5.5 | -5.8 | -6.2 | -6.0 | -5.2 | ||
| Excluding Nigeria and South Africa | 28.7 | 30.5 | 29.6 | 29.3 | 29.8 | 30.3 | -4.4 | -6.4 | -4.3 | -4.4 | -5.5 | -5.5 | ||
| Oil-exporting countries | 22.5 | 27.1 | 25.3 | 25.4 | 26.2 | 26.9 | 1.8 | -1.8 | 1.1 | 1.2 | -1.3 | -0.8 | ||
| Excluding Nigeria | 27.3 | 31.3 | 26.6 | 25.2 | 26.1 | 26.4 | 1.6 | -7.4 | -1.8 | -0.7 | -3.6 | -2.3 | ||
| Oil-importing countries | 45.4 | 44.4 | 44.1 | 43.7 | 43.5 | 43.6 | -5.8 | -5.0 | -4.1 | -4.8 | -5.1 | -5.5 | ||
| Excluding South Africa | 29.2 | 30.2 | 30.4 | 30.3 | 30.7 | 31.3 | -7.3 | -6.1 | -5.1 | -5.5 | -5.9 | -6.3 | ||
| Middle-income countries | 38.8 | 40.6 | 39.6 | 39.5 | 40.0 | 40.3 | -0.9 | -2.4 | -0.9 | -1.2 | -2.4 | -2.2 | ||
| Excluding Nigeria and South Africa | 31.9 | 33.6 | 31.6 | 31.1 | 32.0 | 32.3 | -1.0 | -5.0 | -2.8 | -2.3 | -3.4 | -3.1 | ||
| Low-income countries | 25.0 | 26.9 | 27.3 | 27.3 | 27.4 | 28.2 | -9.5 | -8.3 | -6.3 | -7.1 | -7.9 | -8.5 | ||
| Excluding low-income countries in fragile situations | 25.7 | 27.3 | 28.1 | 28.4 | 28.7 | 29.7 | -10.9 | -8.7 | -7.5 | -7.9 | -9.1 | -9.8 | ||
| Countries in fragile situations | 22.9 | 24.8 | 23.4 | 22.4 | 22.7 | 22.9 | -4.9 | -8.0 | -3.9 | -4.6 | -4.7 | -4.8 | ||
| CFA franc zone | 23.6 | 27.0 | 26.3 | 26.1 | 27.3 | 28.1 | -3.2 | -7.8 | -5.5 | -5.0 | -5.1 | -5.1 | ||
| CEMAC | 21.0 | 24.1 | 22.4 | 21.9 | 22.8 | 23.4 | -1.8 | -11.0 | -4.0 | -2.6 | -3.2 | -2.4 | ||
| WAEMU | 26.1 | 29.4 | 29.2 | 29.1 | 30.4 | 31.3 | -4.9 | -5.4 | -6.6 | -6.7 | -6.5 | -6.9 | ||
| COMESA (SSA members) | 30.8 | 31.4 | 32.3 | 32.4 | 32.3 | 33.0 | -6.2 | -5.6 | -5.2 | -4.9 | -4.8 | -5.0 | ||
| EAC-5 | 29.4 | 27.9 | 27.1 | 27.0 | 26.9 | 27.2 | -8.9 | -5.3 | -5.3 | -5.3 | -5.5 | -5.7 | ||
| ECOWAS | 21.9 | 26.4 | 25.9 | 26.3 | 27.3 | 28.1 | -0.5 | -1.6 | -0.2 | -0.9 | -2.4 | -2.4 | ||
| SACU | 70.5 | 69.4 | 69.4 | 69.4 | 69.4 | 69.4 | -3.6 | -2.2 | -1.7 | -2.7 | -2.8 | -3.0 | ||
| SADC | 53.7 | 52.9 | 51.9 | 51.0 | 51.1 | 50.9 | -3.5 | -3.8 | -2.1 | -2.9 | -4.1 | -4.5 | ||
Fiscal year data.
In February, 2019, Zimbabwe adopted a new local currency unit, the RTGS dollar, which has become the official unit of account. Efforts are underway to revise and update all national accounts series to the new RTGS dollar. Current data are based on IMF staff estimates of price and exchange rate developments in US (and RTGS) dollars. Staff estimates of US dollar values may differ from authorities’ estimates.
Table SA3.
Sources: IMF, Common Surveillance database and IMF, World Economic Outlook database, April 2019.
Note: “…” denotes data not available.
Broad Money and External Current Account, Including Grants
| Broad Money (Percent of GDP) | External Current Account, Including Grants (Percent of GDP) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010–15 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2010–15 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | |||
| Angola | 35.2 | 39.5 | 32.2 | 29.9 | 31.4 | 31.5 | 4.4 | -4.8 | -0.3 | 1.3 | -3.8 | -1.9 | ||
| Benin | 37.5 | 41.0 | 39.2 | 39.0 | 39.0 | 43.7 | -8.5 | -9.4 | -9.9 | -8.9 | -8.4 | -7.4 | ||
| Botswana | 43.9 | 41.4 | 40.2 | 40.9 | 41.4 | 41.7 | 5.4 | 13.7 | 12.3 | 9.6 | 8.6 | 8.0 | ||
| Burkina Faso | 30.5 | 40.4 | 44.2 | 46.1 | 48.8 | 51.7 | -6.9 | -7.6 | -9.4 | -7.5 | -5.8 | -4.8 | ||
| Burundi | 24.6 | 21.7 | 22.9 | 25.8 | 26.4 | 26.3 | -16.8 | -13.1 | -12.3 | -13.4 | -12.6 | -11.9 | ||
| Cabo Verde | 87.4 | 102.6 | 104.5 | 103.5 | 103.5 | 102.8 | -9.7 | -2.4 | -6.2 | -7.1 | -7.3 | -6.5 | ||
| Cameroon | 21.6 | 22.5 | 22.6 | 23.3 | 23.4 | 23.3 | -3.3 | -3.2 | -2.7 | -4.0 | -3.7 | -3.4 | ||
| Central African Rep. | 23.4 | 26.2 | 26.7 | 25.5 | 28.4 | 29.2 | -8.7 | -5.5 | -8.3 | -8.6 | -6.1 | -6.0 | ||
| Chad | 13.4 | 15.8 | 15.8 | 15.7 | 16.1 | 16.0 | -9.0 | -9.2 | -5.7 | -4.8 | -6.1 | -4.3 | ||
| Comoros | 37.7 | 46.1 | 45.2 | 45.2 | 45.2 | 45.2 | -4.3 | -6.5 | -4.0 | -9.1 | -8.9 | -8.8 | ||
| Congo, Dem. Rep. of | 11.3 | 12.5 | 11.4 | 13.2 | 13.4 | 13.3 | -5.6 | -3.1 | -0.5 | -0.5 | -1.8 | -2.9 | ||
| Congo, Rep. of | 33.5 | 42.7 | 33.8 | 28.6 | 28.8 | 29.2 | -0.0 | -46.2 | -3.9 | 5.5 | 4.7 | 5.9 | ||
| Côte d’Ivoire | 15.6 | 14.6 | 13.6 | 13.7 | 16.4 | 16.4 | 1.8 | -1.2 | -2.8 | -3.4 | -3.0 | -2.8 | ||
| Equatorial Guinea | 14.5 | 17.4 | 16.4 | 14.3 | 15.2 | 15.9 | -8.4 | -13.0 | -5.8 | -3.6 | -4.7 | -5.7 | ||
| Eritrea | 112.1 | 100.8 | 101.4 | 101.7 | 101.6 | 110.7 | 1.0 | -2.1 | -2.4 | -1.6 | -2.0 | -2.0 | ||
| Eswatini | 25.1 | 29.8 | 29.3 | 28.9 | 28.9 | 28.7 | 9.5 | 14.3 | 12.5 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 11.6 | ||
| Ethiopia1 | 27.3 | 28.9 | 31.7 | 33.6 | 34.3 | 35.8 | -5.7 | -9.3 | -8.6 | -6.5 | -6.0 | -5.4 | ||
| Gabon | 23.0 | 24.7 | 22.7 | 23.8 | 26.9 | 29.5 | 11.0 | -9.9 | -4.4 | -1.9 | -3.6 | -1.2 | ||
| Gambia, The | 35.0 | 36.7 | 40.5 | 43.1 | 44.5 | 44.9 | -7.5 | -9.4 | -7.1 | -11.5 | -9.8 | -12.7 | ||
| Ghana | 23.1 | 26.4 | 25.8 | 26.1 | 27.0 | 27.7 | -7.3 | -5.2 | -3.4 | -3.2 | -3.0 | -3.5 | ||
| Guinea | 24.5 | 24.9 | 23.8 | 22.9 | 22.4 | 22.1 | -13.8 | -31.6 | -6.8 | -16.1 | -20.1 | -17.3 | ||
| Guinea-Bissau | 35.9 | 47.9 | 44.7 | 44.2 | 44.6 | 45.5 | -3.4 | 1.3 | -0.6 | -1.6 | -3.9 | -3.3 | ||
| Kenya | 41.5 | 38.4 | 36.9 | 36.9 | 37.2 | 37.6 | -8.2 | -5.2 | -6.3 | -5.4 | -5.0 | -4.9 | ||
| Lesotho | 32.7 | 31.1 | 35.3 | 35.1 | 33.4 | 32.4 | -7.4 | -8.4 | -4.6 | -5.8 | -12.6 | -4.3 | ||
| Liberia | 23.3 | 20.5 | 19.9 | 22.5 | 23.6 | 24.5 | -21.7 | -18.6 | -23.4 | -23.3 | -23.4 | -23.6 | ||
| Madagascar | 25.6 | 28.5 | 29.7 | 29.3 | 30.4 | 30.2 | -5.9 | 0.6 | -0.5 | 0.3 | -1.4 | -3.5 | ||
| Malawi | 24.6 | 22.8 | 23.6 | 23.6 | 23.6 | 23.6 | -8.6 | -12.9 | -11.0 | -9.2 | -6.8 | -7.6 | ||
| Mali | 26.8 | 28.9 | 29.0 | 29.0 | 29.1 | 30.0 | -5.1 | -7.2 | -5.9 | -7.3 | -5.6 | -6.1 | ||
| Mauritius | 99.9 | 109.9 | 114.1 | 113.7 | 113.7 | 113.7 | -7.6 | -4.0 | -5.6 | -6.2 | -7.4 | -6.7 | ||
| Mozambique | 32.8 | 37.1 | 35.8 | 34.2 | 34.2 | 34.2 | -34.6 | -39.3 | -20.2 | -34.4 | -51.1 | -63.8 | ||
| Namibia | 58.4 | 51.8 | 53.4 | 54.1 | 54.1 | 54.1 | -6.6 | -12.8 | -6.2 | -4.3 | -3.9 | -3.2 | ||
| Niger | 22.6 | 26.8 | 24.4 | 22.0 | 21.6 | 21.6 | -18.0 | -15.5 | -15.7 | -16.3 | -21.0 | -23.1 | ||
| Nigeria | 20.5 | 25.4 | 24.7 | 25.4 | 26.2 | 27.1 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 2.8 | 2.1 | -0.4 | -0.2 | ||
| Rwanda | 21.0 | 23.9 | 23.6 | 25.3 | 25.6 | 25.9 | -9.7 | -14.3 | -6.8 | -7.8 | -9.2 | -8.7 | ||
| São Tomé & Príncipe | 38.9 | 34.3 | 31.4 | 32.9 | 32.8 | 32.8 | -20.4 | -6.5 | -12.7 | -10.6 | -9.4 | -8.2 | ||
| Senegal | 30.3 | 37.4 | 37.5 | 36.5 | 37.7 | 37.7 | -6.6 | -4.0 | -7.3 | -7.2 | -7.3 | -10.2 | ||
| Seychelles | 61.4 | 71.8 | 77.7 | 78.1 | 77.4 | 77.9 | -19.5 | -20.1 | -20.5 | -16.3 | -16.0 | -15.7 | ||
| Sierra Leone | 22.4 | 25.1 | 23.6 | 23.9 | 24.4 | 24.0 | -27.0 | -2.3 | -10.9 | -13.8 | -10.9 | -9.7 | ||
| South Africa | 73.1 | 72.4 | 72.4 | 72.4 | 72.4 | 72.4 | -4.1 | -2.8 | -2.4 | -3.4 | -3.4 | -3.7 | ||
| South Sudan | 19.9 | 29.8 | 16.6 | 16.1 | 13.7 | 13.2 | -2.1 | 0.1 | -6.6 | -12.5 | -12.0 | -19.3 | ||
| Tanzania | 23.6 | 21.4 | 20.7 | 20.2 | 20.7 | 21.0 | -9.7 | -4.4 | -3.3 | -3.7 | -3.9 | -4.2 | ||
| Togo | 45.1 | 53.4 | 56.1 | 56.1 | 56.1 | 56.1 | -9.2 | -9.7 | -7.9 | -7.9 | -6.2 | -5.2 | ||
| Uganda | 20.6 | 21.7 | 22.3 | 21.9 | 19.3 | 19.7 | -7.9 | -3.4 | -5.0 | -6.8 | -8.2 | -9.1 | ||
| Zambia | 20.7 | 20.6 | 22.0 | 22.1 | 22.4 | 22.6 | 2.5 | -4.5 | -3.9 | -5.0 | -2.9 | -2.7 | ||
| Zimbabwe2 | 21.2 | 27.1 | 29.6 | 18.9 | 15.1 | 15.3 | -12.1 | -3.6 | -1.3 | -4.0 | -3.0 | -4.6 | ||
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 35.8 | 37.3 | 36.6 | 36.5 | 36.8 | 37.2 | -2.5 | -3.7 | -2.1 | -2.6 | -3.7 | -3.7 | ||
| Median | 26.8 | 28.9 | 29.6 | 28.9 | 28.9 | 29.5 | -7.2 | -5.5 | -5.8 | -6.2 | -6.0 | -5.2 | ||
| Excluding Nigeria and South Africa | 28.7 | 30.5 | 29.6 | 29.3 | 29.8 | 30.3 | -4.4 | -6.4 | -4.3 | -4.4 | -5.5 | -5.5 | ||
| Oil-exporting countries | 22.5 | 27.1 | 25.3 | 25.4 | 26.2 | 26.9 | 1.8 | -1.8 | 1.1 | 1.2 | -1.3 | -0.8 | ||
| Excluding Nigeria | 27.3 | 31.3 | 26.6 | 25.2 | 26.1 | 26.4 | 1.6 | -7.4 | -1.8 | -0.7 | -3.6 | -2.3 | ||
| Oil-importing countries | 45.4 | 44.4 | 44.1 | 43.7 | 43.5 | 43.6 | -5.8 | -5.0 | -4.1 | -4.8 | -5.1 | -5.5 | ||
| Excluding South Africa | 29.2 | 30.2 | 30.4 | 30.3 | 30.7 | 31.3 | -7.3 | -6.1 | -5.1 | -5.5 | -5.9 | -6.3 | ||
| Middle-income countries | 38.8 | 40.6 | 39.6 | 39.5 | 40.0 | 40.3 | -0.9 | -2.4 | -0.9 | -1.2 | -2.4 | -2.2 | ||
| Excluding Nigeria and South Africa | 31.9 | 33.6 | 31.6 | 31.1 | 32.0 | 32.3 | -1.0 | -5.0 | -2.8 | -2.3 | -3.4 | -3.1 | ||
| Low-income countries | 25.0 | 26.9 | 27.3 | 27.3 | 27.4 | 28.2 | -9.5 | -8.3 | -6.3 | -7.1 | -7.9 | -8.5 | ||
| Excluding low-income countries in fragile situations | 25.7 | 27.3 | 28.1 | 28.4 | 28.7 | 29.7 | -10.9 | -8.7 | -7.5 | -7.9 | -9.1 | -9.8 | ||
| Countries in fragile situations | 22.9 | 24.8 | 23.4 | 22.4 | 22.7 | 22.9 | -4.9 | -8.0 | -3.9 | -4.6 | -4.7 | -4.8 | ||
| CFA franc zone | 23.6 | 27.0 | 26.3 | 26.1 | 27.3 | 28.1 | -3.2 | -7.8 | -5.5 | -5.0 | -5.1 | -5.1 | ||
| CEMAC | 21.0 | 24.1 | 22.4 | 21.9 | 22.8 | 23.4 | -1.8 | -11.0 | -4.0 | -2.6 | -3.2 | -2.4 | ||
| WAEMU | 26.1 | 29.4 | 29.2 | 29.1 | 30.4 | 31.3 | -4.9 | -5.4 | -6.6 | -6.7 | -6.5 | -6.9 | ||
| COMESA (SSA members) | 30.8 | 31.4 | 32.3 | 32.4 | 32.3 | 33.0 | -6.2 | -5.6 | -5.2 | -4.9 | -4.8 | -5.0 | ||
| EAC-5 | 29.4 | 27.9 | 27.1 | 27.0 | 26.9 | 27.2 | -8.9 | -5.3 | -5.3 | -5.3 | -5.5 | -5.7 | ||
| ECOWAS | 21.9 | 26.4 | 25.9 | 26.3 | 27.3 | 28.1 | -0.5 | -1.6 | -0.2 | -0.9 | -2.4 | -2.4 | ||
| SACU | 70.5 | 69.4 | 69.4 | 69.4 | 69.4 | 69.4 | -3.6 | -2.2 | -1.7 | -2.7 | -2.8 | -3.0 | ||
| SADC | 53.7 | 52.9 | 51.9 | 51.0 | 51.1 | 50.9 | -3.5 | -3.8 | -2.1 | -2.9 | -4.1 | -4.5 | ||
Fiscal year data.
In February, 2019, Zimbabwe adopted a new local currency unit, the RTGS dollar, which has become the official unit of account. Efforts are underway to revise and update all national accounts series to the new RTGS dollar. Current data are based on IMF staff estimates of price and exchange rate developments in US (and RTGS) dollars. Staff estimates of US dollar values may differ from authorities’ estimates.
In Table SA1, country group composites for consumer prices are calculated as the geometric average of data for individual countries, weighted by GDP valued at purchasing power parity as a share of total group GDP. The source of purchasing power parity weights is the WEO database.
In Tables SA2–SA4, country group composites except for broad money, are calculated as the arithmetic average of data for individual countries, weighted by GDP in US dollars at market exchange rates as a share of total group GDP.
Table SA4.
Sources: IMF, Common Surveillance database, and IMF, World Economic Outlook database, April 2019
Note: “…” denotes data not available.
External Debt, Official Debt, Debtor Based and Reserves
As a member of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), see WAEMU aggregate for reserves data.
As a member of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC), see CEMAC aggregate for reserves data.
Fiscal year data.
In February, 2019, Zimbabwe adopted a new local currency unit, the RTGS dollar, which has become the official unit of account. Efforts are underway to revise and update all national accounts series to the new RTGS dollar. Current data are based on IMF staff estimates of price and exchange rate developments in US (and RTGS) dollars. Staff estimates of US dollar values may differ from authorities’ estimate.
Table SA4.
Sources: IMF, Common Surveillance database, and IMF, World Economic Outlook database, April 2019
Note: “…” denotes data not available.
External Debt, Official Debt, Debtor Based and Reserves
| External Debt, Offial Debt, Debtor Based (Percent of GDP) | Reserves (Months of imports of goods and services) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010–15 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2010–15 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | |||
| Angola | 22.0 | 44.4 | 37.5 | 45.7 | 54.2 | 51.3 | 7.8 | 10.3 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 6.2 | 6.7 | ||
| Benin | 17.5 | 21.4 | 23.1 | 26.5 | 27.3 | 26.7 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| Botswana | 12.5 | 10.0 | 13.9 | 11.2 | 10.4 | 8.8 | 11.6 | 14.6 | 13.4 | 12.5 | 11.9 | 11.9 | ||
| Burkina Faso1 | 23.4 | 26.5 | 25.3 | 23.8 | 24.0 | 23.0 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| Burundi | 21.2 | 16.7 | 15.3 | 14.9 | 14.1 | 13.5 | 3.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | ||
| Cabo Verde | 72.2 | 91.4 | 96.5 | 91.1 | 92.8 | 89.0 | 4.8 | 6.1 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 5.1 | ||
| Cameroon2 | 11.0 | 19.6 | 22.5 | 23.6 | 26.1 | 25.9 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| Central African Rep.2 | 18.3 | 28.2 | 29.1 | 25.5 | 24.9 | 23.2 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| Chad2 | 23.2 | 25.8 | 28.7 | 26.5 | 26.8 | 24.3 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| Comoros | 32.5 | 26.4 | 29.5 | 28.7 | 32.6 | 33.6 | 7.1 | 6.7 | 6.5 | 7.3 | 6.4 | 6.0 | ||
| Congo, Dem. Rep. of | 17.4 | 13.8 | 13.1 | 12.9 | 11.7 | 11.3 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | ||
| Congo, Rep. of 2 | 24.0 | 49.3 | 39.9 | 31.6 | 31.6 | 32.5 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| Côte d’Ivoire1 | 34.2 | 27.7 | 32.4 | 35.9 | 37.0 | 34.1 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| Equatorial Guinea2 | 7.1 | 9.1 | 9.2 | 9.0 | 12.0 | 13.9 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| Eritrea | 30.2 | 20.5 | 20.1 | 20.1 | 19.9 | 20.3 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | ||
| Eswatini | 7.8 | 9.2 | 10.2 | 11.7 | 13.4 | 14.8 | 4.2 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 3.9 | ||
| Ethiopia3 | 25.5 | 34.9 | 35.8 | 31.8 | 29.8 | 28.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 2.3 | ||
| Gabon2 | 21.9 | 35.6 | 40.6 | 36.8 | 41.7 | 41.8 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| Gambia, The | 30.3 | 40.9 | 46.2 | 44.2 | 42.3 | 40.7 | 4.5 | 1.2 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 3.0 | 3.1 | ||
| Ghana | 20.4 | 29.9 | 29.1 | 27.9 | 29.9 | 27.8 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.9 | ||
| Guinea | 29.7 | 22.2 | 20.4 | 21.1 | 30.7 | 32.0 | 2.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 2.4 | ||
| Guinea-Bissau1 | 27.0 | 22.8 | 20.8 | 22.7 | 23.4 | 22.7 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| Kenya | 21.9 | 26.1 | 26.9 | 28.4 | 28.9 | 27.2 | 4.1 | 4.7 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.6 | ||
| Lesotho | 31.0 | 34.8 | 32.9 | 32.9 | 33.8 | 34.2 | 5.2 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 2.6 | ||
| Liberia | 9.3 | 20.1 | 24.3 | 28.7 | 33.5 | 38.3 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 1.4 | ||
| Madagascar | 25.7 | 28.6 | 28.4 | 29.0 | 30.9 | 32.9 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 4.1 | ||
| Malawi | 20.3 | 31.3 | 32.8 | 30.3 | 29.8 | 30.0 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 3.7 | 4.0 | ||
| Mali1 | 21.1 | 23.8 | 25.6 | 23.3 | 23.8 | 23.5 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| Mauritius | 14.1 | 14.6 | 12.9 | 11.5 | 16.4 | 17.4 | 5.7 | 8.3 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.2 | 9.1 | ||
| Mozambique | 45.2 | 92.4 | 94.3 | 84.4 | 106.7 | 102.6 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 3.9 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 2.3 | ||
| Namibia | 7.9 | 16.6 | 15.5 | 15.8 | 16.6 | 16.2 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.9 | ||
| Niger1 | 19.2 | 29.4 | 32.8 | 32.6 | 34.8 | 35.9 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| Nigeria | 3.1 | 4.0 | 6.3 | 8.8 | 8.7 | 8.6 | 5.8 | 6.5 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 6.3 | 5.7 | ||
| Rwanda | 18.9 | 33.6 | 36.9 | 40.1 | 40.6 | 39.9 | 5.0 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.5 | ||
| São Tomé & Príncipe | 77.6 | 78.8 | 74.7 | 66.7 | 64.0 | 59.0 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.8 | ||
| Senegal1 | 25.9 | 31.2 | 41.0 | 43.6 | 44.9 | 42.6 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| Seychelles | 42.8 | 31.8 | 30.0 | 28.1 | 26.5 | 24.1 | 3.2 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.4 | 3.3 | ||
| Sierra Leone | 26.9 | 36.7 | 40.3 | 42.9 | 44.4 | 44.6 | 2.6 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.5 | ||
| South Africa | 12.7 | 18.9 | 21.3 | 18.8 | 20.6 | 20.8 | 5.2 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.2 | 4.9 | ||
| South Sudan | … | … | … | … | … | … | 2.8 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.5 | ||
| Tanzania | 22.2 | 27.6 | 27.5 | 27.0 | 27.0 | 27.0 | 4.0 | 5.4 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 5.5 | 4.6 | ||
| Togo1 | 15.8 | 19.2 | 20.7 | 23.6 | 25.9 | 25.1 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| Uganda | 16.0 | 21.8 | 25.4 | 27.3 | 29.3 | 31.2 | 4.6 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 4.1 | ||
| Zambia | 16.2 | 38.2 | 36.7 | 44.5 | 51.2 | 56.3 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 0.6 | ||
| Zimbabwe4 | 37.0 | 33.8 | 31.1 | 27.0 | 32.2 | 27.7 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.9 | ||
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 13.8 | 20.5 | 22.4 | 22.8 | 23.8 | 23.2 | 5.1 | 5.6 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 4.9 | 4.7 | ||
| Median | 21.5 | 27.1 | 28.5 | 27.6 | 29.5 | 27.8 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.3 | ||
| Excluding Nigeria and South Africa | 21.5 | 30.1 | 30.2 | 30.8 | 32.7 | 31.6 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 3.9 | ||
| Oil-exporting countries | 8.1 | 13.8 | 15.7 | 18.0 | 18.1 | 17.3 | 6.2 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 6.2 | 5.9 | ||
| Excluding Nigeria | 19.2 | 36.1 | 33.1 | 36.3 | 41.1 | 39.6 | 7.3 | 10.1 | 6.7 | 6.5 | 6.0 | 6.5 | ||
| Oil-importing countries | 18.3 | 25.0 | 26.4 | 25.5 | 27.1 | 26.7 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 4.0 | ||
| Excluding South Africa | 22.6 | 28.2 | 29.3 | 29.2 | 30.5 | 29.6 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.5 | ||
| Middle-income countries | 11.6 | 18.0 | 20.2 | 21.0 | 22.0 | 21.3 | 5.6 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 5.9 | 5.5 | 5.3 | ||
| Excluding Nigeria and South Africa | 20.2 | 30.8 | 30.4 | 32.4 | 35.0 | 33.6 | 5.7 | 6.7 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 4.8 | 5.0 | ||
| Low-income countries | 23.7 | 29.1 | 29.9 | 28.7 | 29.9 | 29.1 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | ||
| Excluding low-income countries in fragile situations | 24.1 | 33.1 | 34.4 | 33.0 | 34.1 | 33.4 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.4 | ||
| Countries in fragile situations | 25.3 | 24.9 | 25.4 | 25.2 | 26.2 | 25.0 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.3 | ||
| CFA franc zone | 20.6 | 26.0 | 29.1 | 29.4 | 31.2 | 30.3 | 5.3 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 4.1 | ||
| CEMAC | 15.6 | 25.0 | 26.6 | 25.2 | 27.7 | 27.8 | 5.2 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 3.4 | 3.9 | ||
| WAEMU | 25.7 | 26.8 | 30.9 | 32.5 | 33.6 | 32.1 | 5.3 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.3 | ||
| COMESA (SSA members) | 21.4 | 27.1 | 27.6 | 27.5 | 28.0 | 27.3 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 3.1 | ||
| EAC-5 | 20.7 | 26.1 | 27.2 | 28.2 | 28.7 | 28.1 | 4.2 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.5 | ||
| ECOWAS | 8.6 | 11.4 | 14.4 | 16.6 | 16.8 | 16.2 | 5.4 | 5.9 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 5.7 | 5.2 | ||
| SACU | 12.6 | 18.4 | 20.7 | 18.4 | 20.0 | 20.1 | 5.3 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.4 | 5.1 | ||
| SADC | 16.7 | 26.0 | 26.1 | 25.6 | 28.0 | 27.7 | 5.2 | 5.9 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 4.8 | 4.7 | ||
As a member of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), see WAEMU aggregate for reserves data.
As a member of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC), see CEMAC aggregate for reserves data.
Fiscal year data.
In February, 2019, Zimbabwe adopted a new local currency unit, the RTGS dollar, which has become the official unit of account. Efforts are underway to revise and update all national accounts series to the new RTGS dollar. Current data are based on IMF staff estimates of price and exchange rate developments in US (and RTGS) dollars. Staff estimates of US dollar values may differ from authorities’ estimate.
Table SA4.
Sources: IMF, Common Surveillance database, and IMF, World Economic Outlook database, April 2019
Note: “…” denotes data not available.
External Debt, Official Debt, Debtor Based and Reserves
| External Debt, Offial Debt, Debtor Based (Percent of GDP) | Reserves (Months of imports of goods and services) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010–15 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2010–15 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | |||
| Angola | 22.0 | 44.4 | 37.5 | 45.7 | 54.2 | 51.3 | 7.8 | 10.3 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 6.2 | 6.7 | ||
| Benin | 17.5 | 21.4 | 23.1 | 26.5 | 27.3 | 26.7 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| Botswana | 12.5 | 10.0 | 13.9 | 11.2 | 10.4 | 8.8 | 11.6 | 14.6 | 13.4 | 12.5 | 11.9 | 11.9 | ||
| Burkina Faso1 | 23.4 | 26.5 | 25.3 | 23.8 | 24.0 | 23.0 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| Burundi | 21.2 | 16.7 | 15.3 | 14.9 | 14.1 | 13.5 | 3.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | ||
| Cabo Verde | 72.2 | 91.4 | 96.5 | 91.1 | 92.8 | 89.0 | 4.8 | 6.1 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 5.1 | ||
| Cameroon2 | 11.0 | 19.6 | 22.5 | 23.6 | 26.1 | 25.9 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| Central African Rep.2 | 18.3 | 28.2 | 29.1 | 25.5 | 24.9 | 23.2 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| Chad2 | 23.2 | 25.8 | 28.7 | 26.5 | 26.8 | 24.3 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| Comoros | 32.5 | 26.4 | 29.5 | 28.7 | 32.6 | 33.6 | 7.1 | 6.7 | 6.5 | 7.3 | 6.4 | 6.0 | ||
| Congo, Dem. Rep. of | 17.4 | 13.8 | 13.1 | 12.9 | 11.7 | 11.3 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | ||
| Congo, Rep. of 2 | 24.0 | 49.3 | 39.9 | 31.6 | 31.6 | 32.5 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| Côte d’Ivoire1 | 34.2 | 27.7 | 32.4 | 35.9 | 37.0 | 34.1 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| Equatorial Guinea2 | 7.1 | 9.1 | 9.2 | 9.0 | 12.0 | 13.9 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| Eritrea | 30.2 | 20.5 | 20.1 | 20.1 | 19.9 | 20.3 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | ||
| Eswatini | 7.8 | 9.2 | 10.2 | 11.7 | 13.4 | 14.8 | 4.2 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 3.9 | ||
| Ethiopia3 | 25.5 | 34.9 | 35.8 | 31.8 | 29.8 | 28.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 2.3 | ||
| Gabon2 | 21.9 | 35.6 | 40.6 | 36.8 | 41.7 | 41.8 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| Gambia, The | 30.3 | 40.9 | 46.2 | 44.2 | 42.3 | 40.7 | 4.5 | 1.2 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 3.0 | 3.1 | ||
| Ghana | 20.4 | 29.9 | 29.1 | 27.9 | 29.9 | 27.8 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.9 | ||
| Guinea | 29.7 | 22.2 | 20.4 | 21.1 | 30.7 | 32.0 | 2.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 2.4 | ||
| Guinea-Bissau1 | 27.0 | 22.8 | 20.8 | 22.7 | 23.4 | 22.7 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| Kenya | 21.9 | 26.1 | 26.9 | 28.4 | 28.9 | 27.2 | 4.1 | 4.7 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.6 | ||
| Lesotho | 31.0 | 34.8 | 32.9 | 32.9 | 33.8 | 34.2 | 5.2 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 2.6 | ||
| Liberia | 9.3 | 20.1 | 24.3 | 28.7 | 33.5 | 38.3 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 1.4 | ||
| Madagascar | 25.7 | 28.6 | 28.4 | 29.0 | 30.9 | 32.9 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 4.1 | ||
| Malawi | 20.3 | 31.3 | 32.8 | 30.3 | 29.8 | 30.0 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 3.7 | 4.0 | ||
| Mali1 | 21.1 | 23.8 | 25.6 | 23.3 | 23.8 | 23.5 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| Mauritius | 14.1 | 14.6 | 12.9 | 11.5 | 16.4 | 17.4 | 5.7 | 8.3 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.2 | 9.1 | ||
| Mozambique | 45.2 | 92.4 | 94.3 | 84.4 | 106.7 | 102.6 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 3.9 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 2.3 | ||
| Namibia | 7.9 | 16.6 | 15.5 | 15.8 | 16.6 | 16.2 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.9 | ||
| Niger1 | 19.2 | 29.4 | 32.8 | 32.6 | 34.8 | 35.9 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| Nigeria | 3.1 | 4.0 | 6.3 | 8.8 | 8.7 | 8.6 | 5.8 | 6.5 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 6.3 | 5.7 | ||
| Rwanda | 18.9 | 33.6 | 36.9 | 40.1 | 40.6 | 39.9 | 5.0 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.5 | ||
| São Tomé & Príncipe | 77.6 | 78.8 | 74.7 | 66.7 | 64.0 | 59.0 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.8 | ||
| Senegal1 | 25.9 | 31.2 | 41.0 | 43.6 | 44.9 | 42.6 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| Seychelles | 42.8 | 31.8 | 30.0 | 28.1 | 26.5 | 24.1 | 3.2 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.4 | 3.3 | ||
| Sierra Leone | 26.9 | 36.7 | 40.3 | 42.9 | 44.4 | 44.6 | 2.6 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.5 | ||
| South Africa | 12.7 | 18.9 | 21.3 | 18.8 | 20.6 | 20.8 | 5.2 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.2 | 4.9 | ||
| South Sudan | … | … | … | … | … | … | 2.8 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.5 | ||
| Tanzania | 22.2 | 27.6 | 27.5 | 27.0 | 27.0 | 27.0 | 4.0 | 5.4 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 5.5 | 4.6 | ||
| Togo1 | 15.8 | 19.2 | 20.7 | 23.6 | 25.9 | 25.1 | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| Uganda | 16.0 | 21.8 | 25.4 | 27.3 | 29.3 | 31.2 | 4.6 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 4.1 | ||
| Zambia | 16.2 | 38.2 | 36.7 | 44.5 | 51.2 | 56.3 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 0.6 | ||
| Zimbabwe4 | 37.0 | 33.8 | 31.1 | 27.0 | 32.2 | 27.7 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.9 | ||
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 13.8 | 20.5 | 22.4 | 22.8 | 23.8 | 23.2 | 5.1 | 5.6 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 4.9 | 4.7 | ||
| Median | 21.5 | 27.1 | 28.5 | 27.6 | 29.5 | 27.8 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.3 | ||
| Excluding Nigeria and South Africa | 21.5 | 30.1 | 30.2 | 30.8 | 32.7 | 31.6 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 3.9 | ||
| Oil-exporting countries | 8.1 | 13.8 | 15.7 | 18.0 | 18.1 | 17.3 | 6.2 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 6.2 | 5.9 | ||
| Excluding Nigeria | 19.2 | 36.1 | 33.1 | 36.3 | 41.1 | 39.6 | 7.3 | 10.1 | 6.7 | 6.5 | 6.0 | 6.5 | ||
| Oil-importing countries | 18.3 | 25.0 | 26.4 | 25.5 | 27.1 | 26.7 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 4.0 | ||
| Excluding South Africa | 22.6 | 28.2 | 29.3 | 29.2 | 30.5 | 29.6 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.5 | ||
| Middle-income countries | 11.6 | 18.0 | 20.2 | 21.0 | 22.0 | 21.3 | 5.6 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 5.9 | 5.5 | 5.3 | ||
| Excluding Nigeria and South Africa | 20.2 | 30.8 | 30.4 | 32.4 | 35.0 | 33.6 | 5.7 | 6.7 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 4.8 | 5.0 | ||
| Low-income countries | 23.7 | 29.1 | 29.9 | 28.7 | 29.9 | 29.1 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | ||
| Excluding low-income countries in fragile situations | 24.1 | 33.1 | 34.4 | 33.0 | 34.1 | 33.4 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.4 | ||
| Countries in fragile situations | 25.3 | 24.9 | 25.4 | 25.2 | 26.2 | 25.0 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.3 | ||
| CFA franc zone | 20.6 | 26.0 | 29.1 | 29.4 | 31.2 | 30.3 | 5.3 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 4.1 | ||
| CEMAC | 15.6 | 25.0 | 26.6 | 25.2 | 27.7 | 27.8 | 5.2 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 3.4 | 3.9 | ||
| WAEMU | 25.7 | 26.8 | 30.9 | 32.5 | 33.6 | 32.1 | 5.3 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.3 | ||
| COMESA (SSA members) | 21.4 | 27.1 | 27.6 | 27.5 | 28.0 | 27.3 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 3.1 | ||
| EAC-5 | 20.7 | 26.1 | 27.2 | 28.2 | 28.7 | 28.1 | 4.2 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.5 | ||
| ECOWAS | 8.6 | 11.4 | 14.4 | 16.6 | 16.8 | 16.2 | 5.4 | 5.9 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 5.7 | 5.2 | ||
| SACU | 12.6 | 18.4 | 20.7 | 18.4 | 20.0 | 20.1 | 5.3 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.4 | 5.1 | ||
| SADC | 16.7 | 26.0 | 26.1 | 25.6 | 28.0 | 27.7 | 5.2 | 5.9 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 4.8 | 4.7 | ||
As a member of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), see WAEMU aggregate for reserves data.
As a member of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC), see CEMAC aggregate for reserves data.
Fiscal year data.
In February, 2019, Zimbabwe adopted a new local currency unit, the RTGS dollar, which has become the official unit of account. Efforts are underway to revise and update all national accounts series to the new RTGS dollar. Current data are based on IMF staff estimates of price and exchange rate developments in US (and RTGS) dollars. Staff estimates of US dollar values may differ from authorities’ estimate.
Sub-Saharan Africa: Member Countries of Groupings
Sub-Saharan Africa: Member Countries of Groupings
| Oil exporters | Other resource-intensive countries | Non-resource-intensive countries | Middle-income countries | Low-income countries | Countries in fragile situations | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angola Cameroon Chad Congo, Republic of Equatorial Guinea Gabon Nigeria South Sudan |
Botswana Burkina Faso Central African Rep. Congo, Dem. Rep. of Ghana Guinea Liberia Mali Namibia Niger Sierra Leone South Africa Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe |
Benin Burundi Cabo Verde Comoros Côte d’Ivoire Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gambia, The Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda São Tomé & Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Togo Uganda |
Angola Botswana Cabo Verde Cameroon Congo, Republic of Côte d’Ivoire Equatorial Guinea Eswatini Gabon Ghana Kenya Lesotho Mauritius Namibia Nigeria São Tomé & Príncipe Senegal Seychelles South Africa Zambia |
Benin Burkina Faso Burundi Central African Rep. Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. of Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia, The Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Madagascar |
Malawi Mali Mozambique Niger Rwanda Sierra Leone South Sudan Tanzania Togo Uganda Zimbabwe |
Burundi Central African Rep. Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. of Congo, Republic of Côte d’Ivoire Eritrea Gambia, The Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Malawi Mali São Tomé & Príncipe South Sudan Togo Zimbabwe |
Sub-Saharan Africa: Member Countries of Groupings
| Oil exporters | Other resource-intensive countries | Non-resource-intensive countries | Middle-income countries | Low-income countries | Countries in fragile situations | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angola Cameroon Chad Congo, Republic of Equatorial Guinea Gabon Nigeria South Sudan |
Botswana Burkina Faso Central African Rep. Congo, Dem. Rep. of Ghana Guinea Liberia Mali Namibia Niger Sierra Leone South Africa Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe |
Benin Burundi Cabo Verde Comoros Côte d’Ivoire Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gambia, The Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda São Tomé & Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Togo Uganda |
Angola Botswana Cabo Verde Cameroon Congo, Republic of Côte d’Ivoire Equatorial Guinea Eswatini Gabon Ghana Kenya Lesotho Mauritius Namibia Nigeria São Tomé & Príncipe Senegal Seychelles South Africa Zambia |
Benin Burkina Faso Burundi Central African Rep. Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. of Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia, The Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Madagascar |
Malawi Mali Mozambique Niger Rwanda Sierra Leone South Sudan Tanzania Togo Uganda Zimbabwe |
Burundi Central African Rep. Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. of Congo, Republic of Côte d’Ivoire Eritrea Gambia, The Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Malawi Mali São Tomé & Príncipe South Sudan Togo Zimbabwe |
Sub-Saharan Africa: Member Countries of Regional Groupings
Sub-Saharan Africa: Member Countries of Regional Groupings
| The West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) | Economic and Monetary Community of Central African States (CEMAC) | Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) | East Africa Community (EAC-5) | Southern African Development Community (SADC) | Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU) | Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benin Burkina Faso Côte d’Ivoire Guinea-Bissau Mali Niger Senegal Togo |
Cameroon Central African Rep. Chad Congo, Republic of Equatorial Guinea Gabon |
Burundi Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. of Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Rwanda Seychelles Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe |
Burundi Kenya Rwanda Tanzania Uganda |
Angola Botswana Congo, Dem. Rep. of Eswatini Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Seychelles South Africa Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe |
Botswana Eswatini Lesotho Namibia South Africa |
Benin Burkina Faso Cabo Verde Côte d’Ivoire Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo |
Sub-Saharan Africa: Member Countries of Regional Groupings
| The West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) | Economic and Monetary Community of Central African States (CEMAC) | Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) | East Africa Community (EAC-5) | Southern African Development Community (SADC) | Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU) | Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benin Burkina Faso Côte d’Ivoire Guinea-Bissau Mali Niger Senegal Togo |
Cameroon Central African Rep. Chad Congo, Republic of Equatorial Guinea Gabon |
Burundi Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. of Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Rwanda Seychelles Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe |
Burundi Kenya Rwanda Tanzania Uganda |
Angola Botswana Congo, Dem. Rep. of Eswatini Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Seychelles South Africa Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe |
Botswana Eswatini Lesotho Namibia South Africa |
Benin Burkina Faso Cabo Verde Côte d’Ivoire Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo |