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International Monetary Fund

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Language:: English

Keywords:: WEFS; undertaking trade liberalization measure; countertrade practice; uniform exchange rate change; countertrade agreement; EC imports

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Abstract

This paper summarizes major measures taken in the international exchange and trade systems in 1988 and developments in exchange arrangements and the evolution of exchange rates. The exchange arrangements adopted by members since 1973 cover a broad spectrum of degrees of flexibility, from single-currency pegs to a freely floating system. Most countries have adopted arrangements that fall clearly into one or another of the major categories of the present classification system adopted by the IMF in 1982, and countries with dual markets usually have one market that is clearly more important than the other, which allows accurate classification by major market. Changes in IMF members' arrangements for their currencies during this decade have shown a distinct tendency to move toward more flexible arrangements and away from single-currency pegs, continuing a trend that began in the mid-1970s. A qualitative sense of the significance of the trend toward more flexible arrangements can be conveyed by the degree that world trade is affected by countries adopting different arrangements.

Appendix Summary Table

Summary Table. Measures Affecting Members’ Exchange and Trade Systems, 1988

Note: The following abbreviations are used throughout: GSP (Generalized System of Preferences); EC (European Communities); EEC (European Economic Community); OGL (open general license); MFN (most-favored nation); CETRA (Transferable Certificate of Foreign Exchange); ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community.

Summary Table. Measures Affecting Members’ Exchange and Trade Systems, 1988

Member	Date	Direction	Measures
*Imports and Import Payments*
Quantitative Import Controls
Industrial countries
Australia	4/13/88	Liberalization	Tariff quotas on passenger motor vehicles abolished.
	12/20/88	Liberalization	Embargo on sugar imports temporarily suspended.
Canada	11/30/88	Liberalization	The phased removal of quotas on ladies’ and girls’ footwear completed.
Iceland	1/1/88	Liberalization	Import tariff regime simplified.
	2/1/88	Liberalization	Fishing vessels deleted from restricted list.
Japan	6/20/88	Liberalization	Import liberalization program covering 1988–93 on citrus and beef agreed with the United States.
	6/24/88	Liberalization	Import liberalization program covering 1988–93 on beef agreed with Australia.
	7/21/88	Liberalization	Import liberalization programs for nine agricultural products agreed with the United States.
New Zealand	7/1/88	Liberalization	Import licensing requirement eliminated for all imports not subject to Industry Plans.
Spain	3/8/88	Tightening	Tin plates added to restricted steel product imports.
United States	1/1/88	Liberalization	Quota on imports of selected steel products (sheet, strip rods, pipes, tubes, wire) from Mexico adjusted upward by 12.4 percent.
	1/1/88	Tightening	Growth of imports of selected textiles and apparel from China limited to 3 percent a year under four-year agreement.
	1/5/88	Tightening	Growth of imports of selected textiles and apparel from Mexico limited to 6 percent a year under four-year agreement.
	1/7/88	Tightening	Canadian potash producers agreed to adjust sale prices of exports to the United States to avoid imposition of antidumping duties.
	5/20/88	Liberalization	Quota levels for imports of garments from the Dominican Republic increased under four-year agreement.
	7/22/88	Liberalization	Global quota on sugar imports increased.
	11/1/88	Liberalization	Quota on garment exports by Jamaica increased.
Developing countries—fuel exporters
Ecuador	2/23/88	Tightening	Automobile imports prohibited.
	6/21/88	Liberalization	Ban on automobile imports lifted and replaced by specific import quotas.
	8/31/88	Tightening	Automobile imports banned and imports of capital goods restricted.
Indonesia	11/21/88	Liberalization	Restrictions on some 351 products relaxed.
Nigeria	2/9/88	Tightening	Barley, malt, aluminum sulfate, and retreaded tires added to prohibited list.
	2/9/88	Liberalization	Unmanufactured wood removed from prohibited list.
Syrian Arab Republic	4/16/88	Liberalization	Authorization granted to producers of ready-to-wear garments to import outside the permitted import system.
	6/12/88	Liberalization	Authorization granted to dry fruit producers to import raw materials.
	9/29/88	Tightening	Permission to import prohibited goods of a value of up to LS 70,000 withdrawn.
Tunisia	1/29/88	Liberalization	Administrative restrictions on certain imports removed.
Developing countries—other
Argentina	3/25/88	Liberalization	Quantitative restrictions on petrochemical and iron and steel products reduced.
	6/6/88	Liberalization	Quantitative restrictions on a range of agricultural machinery and equipment eliminated.
	9/21/88	Liberalization	Import controls abolished on 2,400 items, covering capital goods, textiles other than garments, chemicals and petroleum products, and tobacco; production coverage of controls reduced to 18 percent.
Bangladesh	3/16/88	Liberalization	Import of rice by the private sector permitted.
	4/6/88	Liberalization	Interim import policy order 1988/89 reduced negative and restricted lists.
	7/1/88	Liberalization	Import policy order 1988/89 reduced negative and restricted lists.
Brazil	5/4/88	Liberalization	Imports of agricultural commodities liberalized.
Burundi	4/1/88	Liberalization	Controls on luxury goods eliminated.
Colombia	8/3/88	Liberalization	Essential industries allowed to import certain products needed for operation under a six-month licensing regime.
Congo	5/28/88	Liberalization	Import licenses abolished, except for 13 products, and replaced by ex post declarations.
Dominican Republic	4/29/88	Tightening	Imports of automobiles and luxury goods prohibited for one year.
El Salvador	1/1/88	Liberalization	Number of prohibited import items reduced to 106.
	6/1/88	Liberalization	Number of prohibited items reduced to 28.
Guyana	8/31/88	Liberalization	Certain items removed from prohibited import list.
India	4/1/88	Liberalization	A total of 329 items of intermediate and raw material items added to OGL.
	4/1/88	Liberalization	A total of 99 capital goods items added to OGL.
	4/1/88	Tightening	Number of items of intermediate raw materials on the restricted and permissible list increased to 816.
	4/1/88	Tightening	Number of machine tools on OGL reduced to 157.
Jordan	11/7/88	Tightening	Imports of certain products prohibited.
Korea	1/7/88	Liberalization	Imports by foreign subsidiaries and joint ventures engaged in manufacturing liberalized.
	4/1/88	Liberalization	A total of 142 items (net) from list of restricted imports removed.
	5/12/88	Liberalization	Five agricultural products from list of restricted imports removed.
	7/1/88	Liberalization	A total of 46 items from list of restricted imports removed.
	7/7/88	Liberalization	Prohibition on beef imports replaced by quota.
	8/12/88	Liberalization	Prohibition on imports of frozen french fries removed.
	12/2/88	Liberalization	A total of 59 items from list of restricted imports removed.
Madagascar	2/1/88	Liberalization	(1) OGL system introduced for raw materials and spare parts; and (2) number of prohibited items and items requiring prior authorizations reduced to 94 customs nomenclature categories.
	7/1/88	Liberalization	OGL system extended to imports of all goods.
	8/5/88	Liberalization	Number of prohibited items and items requiring prior authorizations reduced to 88 customs nomenclature categories, mainly for security and health reasons.
Malaysia	1/13/88	Liberalization	Licensing requirements for imports from China abolished.
Maldives	4/1/88	Liberalization	Import quota for April 1988/March 1989 increased by 30 percent.
Mali	6/30/88	Liberalization	Quotas on ten products removed.
Morocco	10/31/88	Liberalization	Some 130 items transferred from List B to List A.
Nepal	1/1/88	Liberalization	OGL system expanded.
	3/8/88	Liberalization	Limit on imports of gold by Pakistani nationals to be used for production of jewelry for export increased.
Netherlands Antilles	1/1/88	Tightening	Quotas on 43 items reduced to 50 percent of the c.i.f. value of 1987 imports.
Pakistan	7/1/88	Liberalization	1988/89 import policy order liberalized imports of a number of items and increased cash value ceilings on other products.
	10/29/88	Liberalization	Imports of typewriter ribbons liberalized.
	11/23/88	Liberalization	Imports of computer software liberalized.
	11/28/88	Tightening	Imports of medicine containing benzidine banned.
	12/12/88	Liberalization	Imports of ball bearings liberalized.
Sierra Leone	5/23/88	Liberalization	Unnumbered import licensing facility reintroduced de facto.
	11/25/88	Tightening	Imports of cigarettes prohibited.
Singapore	4/1/88	Liberalization	Import licensing requirement for air conditioners abolished.
Sri Lanka	5/20/88	Liberalization	Imports of precious and semiprecious stones and imitation jewelry for domestic use permitted.
Tanzania	2/1/88	Liberalization	Portion of foreign exchange made available on a nonadministrative basis for a selected positive list of priority import categories under OGL.
Thailand	6/10/88	Liberalization	Imports of 5,377 units of two-wheel walking tractors and 705 units of used four-wheel tractors permitted until end of the year.
	9/28/88	Extension	Imports of 150,000 metric tons of soybean in the 1988/89 season permitted; required ratio of local purchases to imports set at 1:2.
Togo	3/1/88	Liberalization	Quotas on most imports abolished.
Turkey	1/16/88	Liberalization	Number of items subject to licensing cut from 110 to 33.
	12/28/88	Tightening	Number of items subject to licensing raised from 33 to 49.
Zimbabwe	6/1/88	Tightening	Cumulative tourist travel allowances of husband and wife allowed to be used to import goods on OGL reduced from Z$3,000 to Z$900.
*Import Surcharges and Import Taxation*
Industrial countries
Australia	4/13/88	Liberalization	Tariffs on passenger motor vehicles reduced.
	5/25/88	Liberalization	Generalized tariff reductions announced.
	7/1/88	Liberalization	Tariffs on imports from New Zealand eliminated.
Canada	6/6/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on soda ash imports from the United States terminated.
	6/30/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on countertop microwave ovens from Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Singapore terminated.
	7/27/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on stainless steel plate and sheet from Japan and South Africa terminated.
	7/27/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on stainless steel plate from Belgium, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom terminated.
	7/29/88	Tightening	Definitive antidumping duties imposed on barbed wire from Poland.
	8/22/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on hand saw blades from the United States terminated.
	8/23/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on ladies’ handbags from the Republic of Korea, Hong Kong, and Taiwan Province of China terminated.
	12/6/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on porcelain insulators from Japan and the United States terminated.
	12/7/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on camping tents from China terminated.
	12/8/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on abrasion-resistant steel pipe from the United States terminated.
	12/15/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on padded clothes hangers from the United States and Taiwan Province of China.
	12/29/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on polyphase induction motors (above 200 hp) from Brazil, France, Japan, Sweden, Taiwan Province of China, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
	12/29/88	Tightening	Provisional countervailing duties imposed on polyphase induction motors (above 200 hp) from Brazil.
Iceland	1/1/88	Liberalization	Import tariff regime simplified.
Japan	4/1/88	Liberalization	Tariff rates on certain industrial products and processed food products reduced.
	8/1/88	Liberalization	Tariff rate on crude oil and petroleum products reduced.
New Zealand	7/1/88	Liberalization	Across-the-board phased tariff reductions for industries not subject to Industry Plans implemented.
	1/1/88	Liberalization	Most tariffs on imports of goods from Australia eliminated.
Spain	1/1/88	Liberalization	Tariff reductions in accordance with EC accession implemented.
	10/1/88	Liberalization	Tariff reduction in accordance with EC accession implemented.
United States	1/30/88	Tightening	Antidumping duties imposed on imports of color picture tubes from Canada, Japan, Singapore, and the Republic of Korea.
	3/8/88	Tightening	Antidumping duties imposed on imports of stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings from Japan.
	3/11/88	Tightening	Duty-free treatment for imports from Panama abolished.
	5/3/88	Tightening	Antidumping duties imposed on imports of small- to medium-capacity internal combustion forklift trucks from Japan.
	6/16/88	Tightening	Antidumping duties imposed on imports of butadiene-acrylonitrile-copolymer synthetic rubber from Japan.
	7/3/88	Tightening	MFN provisions of trade agreement with Romania suspended.
	7/26/88	Tightening	Antidumping duties imposed on imports of brass sheet and strip from Japan and the Netherlands.
	8/5/88	Tightening	Countervailing and antidumping duties imposed on imports of electrical conductor aluminum redraw rods from Venezuela.
	8/9/88	Tightening	Antidumping duties imposed on imports of granular polytetra-fluoroethylene resin from Japan.
	8/22/88	Tightening	Exceptions to sanctions against Panama to permit the payment of import duties allowed.
	10/30/88	Tightening	Sanctions in the form of 100 percent tariffs on $39 million of imports from Brazil in retaliation for alleged lack of patent protection by Brazil imposed.
	10/31/88	Liberalization	Intention to accede to the Harmonized Tariff Schedule on 1/1/89 announced.
	12/6/88	Liberalization	Tariff protection for red cedar shakes and shingles for an additional two-and-a-half years introduced at lower rate.
	12/21/88	Liberalization	Retaliatory tariffs on pasta imports from the EC eliminated.
EEC countries
	1/4/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 7/88).
	1/11/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on tangerines originating in Morocco eliminated (Regulation 68/88).
	1/18/88	Tightening	Definitive antidumping duties imposed on imports of electronic typewriters originating in Japan (Regulation 154/88).
	1/20/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on imports of certain iron and steel coils originating in Algeria, Mexico, and Yugoslavia (Regulation 163/88/ECSC). (Regulation 979/88/ECSC modified these duties.)
	1/25/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on imports of certain iron and steel sheets and plates originating in Yugoslavia (Regulation 229/88/ECSC). (Regulation 980/88/ECSC modified these duties.)
	1/25/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on imports of fresh tangerines originating in Turkey (Regulation 204/88).
	1/26/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Morocco (Regulation 216/88).
	1/26/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on artichokes originating in Egypt (Regulation 215/88).
	1/26/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on artichokes originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 214/88).
	2/3/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on imports of fresh tangerines originating in Turkey eliminated (Regulation 324/88).
	2/4/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on imports of potassium permanganate originating in China (Regulation 360/88).
	2/8/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on artichokes originating in Egypt (Regulation 362/88).
	2/22/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on artichokes originating in Egypt eliminated (Regulation 482/88).
	2/23/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on imports of polyester yarn from the United States expired (88/C/72/05).
	2/24/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on cucumbers originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 496/88).
	3/15/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on imports of oxalic acid originating in Taiwan Province of China and the Republic of Korea (Regulation 699/88).
	3/23/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 764/88).
	3/29/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on artichokes originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 836/88).
	4/5/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 903/88).
	4/6/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 915/88).
	4/6/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Morocco (Regulation 916/88).
	4/7/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in the Canary Islands (Regulation 927/88).
	4/7/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on cucumbers originating in Poland (Regulation 928/88).
	4/11/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on artichokes originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 955/88).
	4/11/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 956/88).
	4/14/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 985/88).
	4/14/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 986/88).
	4/14/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on artichokes originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 987/88).
	4/14/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in the Canary Islands (Regulation 988/88).
	4/15/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on imports of tomatoes originating in Turkey (Regulation 1003/88).
	4/15/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on imports of zinc-coated steel sheets from the German Democratic Republic expired (88/C/131/03).
	4/15/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on imports of sheets and plates of iron and steel from the German Democratic Republic expired (88/C/131/03).
	4/18/88	Tightening	Antidumping duties on certain electronic scales assembled in the EEC extended (Regulation 1021/88).
	4/19/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on tomatoes originating in Morocco eliminated (Regulation 1028/88).
	4/20/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on imports of orthoxylene from Puerto Rico and the United States expired (88/C/72/05).
	4/20/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on imports of paraxylene from Puerto Rico, the United States, and the American Virgin Islands expired (88/C/72/05).
	4/25/88	Tightening	Definitive antidumping duties imposed on imports of roller chains for cycles originating in China (Regulation 1198/88).
	5/3/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 1213/88).
	5/4/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 1224/88).
	5/5/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Morocco (Regulation 1240/88).
	5/6/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 1258/88).
	5/6/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on zucchini originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 1259/88).
	5/10/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Cyprus (Regulation 1275/88).
	5/10/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Israel (Regulation 1276/88).
	5/10/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on tomatoes originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 1278/88).
	5/11/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties on imports of certain iron and steel sheets and plates originating in Yugoslavia extended (Regulation 1321/88/ECSC).
	5/11/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties on imports of certain iron and steel coils, originating in Algerian, Mexico, and Yugoslavia extended. (Regulation 1322/88/ECSC).
	5/16/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Morocco (Regulation 1325/88).
	5/16/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on zucchini originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 1234/88).
	5/16/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 1323/88).
	5/17/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on imports of tomatoes originating in Turkey (Regulation 1341/88).
	5/17/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on imports of serial-impact-dot-matrix printers originating in Japan (Regulation 1418/88).
	5/19/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Romania (Regulation 1373/88).
	5/19/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on cucumbers originating in Poland (Regulation 1372/88).
	5/19/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 1371/88).
	5/19/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on zucchini originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 1370/88).
	5/20/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Cyprus (Regulation 1392/88).
	5/24/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Poland (Regulation 1409/88).
	5/24/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on zucchini originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 1410/88).
	5/24/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 1408/88).
	5/25/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Israel (Regulation 1419/88).
	5/30/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Cyprus (Regulation 1486/88).
	5/30/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on cucumbers originating in Poland (Regulation 1487/88).
	5/30/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on tomatoes originating in Morocco eliminated (Regulation 1488/88).
	5/30/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on tomatoes originating in Romania eliminated (Regulation 1490/88).
	5/31/88	Tightening	Definitive antidumping duties imposed on imports of potassium permanganate originating in China (Regulation 1531/88).
	6/2/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on tomatoes originating in Poland eliminated (Regulation 1536/88).
	6/3/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on apricots originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 1553/88).
	6/3/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 1554/88).
	6/6/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on apricots originating in Tunisia (Regulation 1560/88).
	6/10/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 1627/88).
	6/10/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on apricots originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 1628/88).
	6/10/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on imports of hexamethylenetetramin from the German Democratic Republic and the U.S.S.R. expired (88/C/307/02).
	6/14/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on imports of polyester yarn originating in Mexico, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan Province of China, and Turkey (Regulation 1695/88).
	6/14/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on imports of synthetic fibers of polyesters originating in Mexico, Romania, Taiwan Province of China, Turkey, the United States, and Yugoslavia (Regulation 1696/88).
	6/15/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on peaches including nectarines originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 1679/88).
	6/15/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 1680/88).
	6/20/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 1726/88).
	6/21/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on imports of paracetamol originating in China (Regulation 1745/88).
	6/21/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 1746/88).
	6/21/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge on peaches including nectarines originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 1747/88).
	6/22/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on apricots originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 1760/88).
	6/23/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on bisphenol imported from the United States expired (88/C/307/02).
	6/30/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on tomatoes originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 1899/88).
	7/4/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Argentina (Regulation 1965/88).
	7/5/88	Introduction	Provisional antidumping duty imposed on imports of serial-impact-fully-formed character printers originating in Japan (Regulation 2005/88).
	7/7/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on cherries originating in Hungary (Regulation 2011/88).
	7/8/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Argentina (Regulation 2042/88).
	7/8/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Poland (Regulation 2043/88).
	7/11/88	Tightening	Definitive antidumping duties imposed on imports of oxalic acid originating in Taiwan Province of China and the Republic of Korea (Regulation 2089/88).
	7/12/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 2073/88).
	7/18/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 2139/88).
	7/18/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on eggplants originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 2141/88).
	7/18/88	Tightening	Definitive antidumping duties imposed on imports of certain iron and steel sheets and plates originating in Yugoslavia (Regulation 2131/88/ECSC).
	7/18/88	Tightening	Definitive antidumping duties imposed on imports of certain iron or steel coils originating in Algeria, Mexico, and Yugoslavia (Regulation 2131/88/ECSC).
	7/18/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on cherries originating in Hungary eliminated (Regulation 2140/88).
	7/19/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on tomatoes originating in Poland eliminated (Regulation 2151/88).
	7/20/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on imports of certain iron and steel sections originating in Yugoslavia and Turkey (Regulation 2158/88/ECSC).
	7/29/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on imports of copper sulphate originating in Bulgaria and the U.S.S.R. (Regulation 2386/88).
	7/31/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on iron and steel sheets and plates, hot rolled (A/S) imported from Brazil suspended (88/C/307/02).
	8/4/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on table grapes originating in Chile (Regulation 2460/88).
	8/6/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on steel coils for re-rolling imported from Brazil and Venezuela suspended (88/C/307/02).
	8/10/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on certain varieties of plums originating in Yugoslavia (Regulation 2518/88).
	8/16/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on table grapes originating in Chile eliminated (Regulation 2556/88).
	8/21/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on barium chloride imported from China and the German Democratic Republic expired (88/C/307/02).
	8/22/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 2612/88).
	8/24/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on imports of urea originating in Austria, Hungary, Malaysia, Romania, the United States, and Venezuela (Regulation 2623/88).
	8/26/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on certain imports of video cassette recorders originating in Japan and the Republic of Korea (Regulation 2684/88).
	8/26/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on certain varieties of plums originating in Yugoslavia (Regulation 2662/88).
	8/26/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on table grapes originating in Cyprus (Regulation 2663/88).
	8/29/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Portugal (Regulation 2676/88).
	8/31/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on certain electronic scales assembled in the EEC repealed (Regulation 2735/88).
	9/5/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on imports of fresh lemons originating in Turkey (Regulation 2763/88).
	9/7/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on certain varieties of plums originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 2783/88).
	9/7/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on table grapes originating in Cyprus eliminated (Regulation 2785/88).
	9/8/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on the import of certain varieties of plums originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) repealed (Regulation 2795/88).
	9/12/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on imports of fresh lemons originating in Turkey eliminated (Regulation 2814/88).
	9/19/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 2887/88).
	9/20/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Portugal (Regulation 2899/88).
	9/20/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on tomatoes originating in Portugal eliminated (Regulation 2899/88).
	9/21/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Turkey (Regulation 2911/88).
	9/23/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties on imports of serial-impact-dot-matrix printers originating in Japan extended (Regulation 2943/88).
	9/29/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on imports of paint, distemper, varnish, and similar brushes originating in China (Regulation 3052/88).
	10/5/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on apples originating in Australia (Regulation 3078/88).
	10/6/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on apples originating in Portugal (Regulation 3089/88).
	10/10/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on imports of fresh lemons originating in Turkey eliminated (Regulation 3120/88).
	10/14/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties on imports of polyester fibers originating in Mexico, Romania, Taiwan Province of China, Turkey, the United States, and Yugoslavia extended (Regulation 3170/88).
	10/14/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties on imports of polyester yarn originating in Mexico, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan Province of China, and Turkey extended (Regulation 3171/88).
	10/14/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties on imports of paracetamol originating in China extended (Regulation 3172/88).
	10/17/88	Tightening	Antidumping duties extended on certain plain paper photocopiers assembled in the EEC extended (Regulation 3205/88).
	10/17/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 3186/88).
	10/17/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Romania (Regulation 3187/88).
	10/18/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Poland (Regulation 3203/88).
	10/19/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on apples originating in Portugal eliminated (Regulation 3214/88).
	10/20/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on cucumbers originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 3233/88).
	10/27/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on tomatoes originating in Poland eliminated (Regulation 3339/88).
	10/27/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on lithium hydroxide imported from the U.S.S.R. and the United States expired (88/C/307/22).
	10/28/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on tomatoes originating in Romania eliminated (Regulation 3374/88).
	11/4/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties on imports of serial-impact-fully-formed character printers originating in Japan extended (Regulation 3451/88).
	11/14/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on apples originating in Australia eliminated (Regulation 3534/88).
	11/17/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 3581/88).
	11/17/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 3582/88).
	11/18/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Cyprus (Regulation 3603/88).
	11/18/88	Tightening	Definitive antidumping duties imposed on imports of certain iron or steel sections originating in Yugoslavia and Turkey (Regulation 3599/88/ECSC).
	11/23/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Morocco (Regulation 3649/88).
	11/23/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 3650/88).
	11/23/88	Tightening	Definitive antidumping duties imposed on dot-matrix printers originating in Japan (Regulation 3651/88).
	11/24/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on fresh lemons originating in Cyprus eliminated (Regulation 3671/88).
	11/25/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on artichokes originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 3690/88).
	11/28/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties on imports of copper sulphate originating in Bulgaria and the U.S.S.R. extended for two months (Regulation 3720/88).
	12/1/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on artichokes originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 3766/88).
	12/5/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh tangerines originating in Morocco (Regulation 3796/88).
	12/7/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh tangerines originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 3821/88).
	12/7/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Turkey (Regulation 3820/88).
	12/12/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on tangerines originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 3855/88).
	12/12/88	Tightening	Definitive antidumping duties imposed on imports of paracetamol originating in China (Regulation 3923/88).
	12/12/88	Tightening	Definitive antidumping duties imposed on imports of polyester yarn originating in the Republic of Korea, Mexico, Taiwan Province of China, and Turkey (Regulation 3905/88).
	12/16/88	Tightening	Definitive antidumping duties imposed on imports of synthetic fibers of polyesters originating in Mexico, Romania, Taiwan Province of China, Turkey, the United States, and Yugoslavia (Regulation 3946/88).
	12/19/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties on imports of urea originating in Austria, Hungary, Malaysia, Romania, the United States, and Venezuela extended (Regulation 4018/88).
	12/19/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties on imports of certain video cassette recorders originating in Japan and the Republic of Korea extended (Regulation 4019/88).
	12/23/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on imports of video cassettes and video tape reels originating in the Republic of Korea and Hong Kong (Regulation 4062/88).
Developing countries—fuel exporters
Bahrain	1/1/88	Tightening	Customs duties on alcoholic beverages and tobacco raised to 125 percent and 50 percent.
	3/1/88	Extension	Temporary 20 percent protective tariffs on imports of 11 locally manufactured goods extended for further 12 months through end of February 1989.
Indonesia	11/21/88	Tightening	Tariff rates on 72 products increased.
	11/21/88	Liberalization	Tariff rates on 86 products reduced.
Saudi Arabia	1/2/88	Tightening	Minimum customs tariff rate raised to 12 percent and the number of duty-free imports reduced.
	9/6/88	Liberalization	Exemption from customs duty granted to 44 items.
Developing countries—other
Argentina	3/25/88	Liberalization	Customs duties on petrochemical and iron and steel products reduced.
	4/18/88	Liberalization	Duties on a number of agrochemical products reduced.
	6/6/88	Liberalization	Customs duties eliminated on some agricultural machinery and equipment and set in range of 10–38 percent for others.
	10/21/88	Liberalization	Tariff band for most imports narrowed to 0–40 percent, maximum tariff rate reduced from 115 percent to 40 percent, and special surcharge on electronic goods reduced. Fifteen percent special import surcharge abolished.
Bolivia	4/1/88	Liberalization	Tariffs on capital goods reduced to 10 percent; tariffs on other goods to be reduced by 1 percentage point each quarter until tariff level unified at 10 percent by end-1990.
	12/29/88	Tightening	Planned reduction in tariffs on noncapital goods suspended.
Brazil	6/17/88	Liberalization	New tariff schedule introduced.
Burundi	4/1/88	Tightening	Tariffs on luxury goods introduced.
	10/6/88	Liberalization	Duty drawback procedures for exporters simplified.
Chile	1/5/88	Liberalization	Customs tariff rates reduced uniformly from 20 percent to 15 percent.
	5/13/88	Liberalization	Import duty drawback scheme extended.
	10/8/88	Tightening	Minimum customs reference prices established for certain imports.
	11/9/88	Tightening	Minimum customs reference prices established for certain imports.
China, People’s Republic of	2/2/88	Liberalization	Customs duties on imports of certain machine tool parts and components lowered from 12 percent to 9 percent.
	2/2/88	Tightening	Import duties on such items as air conditioners, refrigerators, washing machines, electronic music instruments, textile machinery, and complete machine tools raised.
	5/5/88	Liberalization	Customs duties on some 23 items, including intermediate products used in production of farm chemicals and unfinished precious stones lowered.
	7/1/88	Tightening	Customs duties on farm items and aluminum sheets, cans, and containers raised.
	9/9/88	Liberalization	Customs duties on ply layers for plywood reduced.
	9/9/88	Tightening	Customs duties on film, color television sets, and tape recorders raised.
	9/15/88	Tightening	Surcharge of 40 percent levied on imports by Beijing-based government organizations and businesses of such goods as automobiles, motorcycles, television sets, refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, and cameras.
Colombia	3/4/88	Liberalization	Tariff preferences granted to certain imports from Argentina.
	4/21/88	Liberalization	Import tariffs on capital goods reduced; tariff dispersion narrowed.
	5/19/88	Tightening	Surcharge levied on certain goods brought in by travelers.
	9/23/88	Liberalization	Import tariffs on capital goods reduced.
	10/3/88	Liberalization	Tariff preferences granted to certain imports from Uruguay.
Dominica	7/1/88	Liberalization	Customs service charge reduced.
Dominican Republic	2/8/88	Tightening	Reference exchange rate used for customs valuation purposes modified.
Egypt	3/21/88	Tightening	Exchange rate for customs valuation purposes to be officially determined periodically.
Gambia, The	7/1/88	Liberalization	Import tax of 6 percent of the c.i.f. value abolished.
Greece	1/1/88	Liberalization	Regulatory tax on imported goods reduced.
Hungary	4/1/88	Liberalization	Customs clearance and statistical fees reduced.
India	4/1/88	Liberalization	Import duties on 99 capital goods items reduced.
Jordan	8/13/88	Tightening	Import tariffs on certain products raised.
	8/13/88	Liberalization	Import tariffs on certain products reduced.
	8/13/88	Liberalization	Import tariffs on certain products exempted.
	11/6/88	Tightening	Import tariffs on certain products raised.
Korea	1/1/88	Liberalization	Tariff quotas for 356 items established by lowering their rates by average of 9.9 percentage points.
	2/24/88	Liberalization	Tariff quotas for 117 items established by lowering their rates by average of 7.5 percentage points.
	7/1/88	Liberalization	Tariff rates for 691 items reduced by average of 8.5 percentage points.
	11/22/88	Liberalization	Tariff rates for 1,071 items reduced by average of 6.4 percentage points.
Lesotho	8/12/88	Tightening	Zero percent to 60 percent surcharge system replaced by across-the-board 10 percent system.
Madagascar	1/1/88	Liberalization	Simplified eight-bracket tariff structure introduced. Temporary 30 percent surcharge introduced.
	4/1/88	Tightening	Minimum tariff rate raised to 5 percent for all imports, except those exempted in accordance with international treaties.
	7/1/88	Liberalization	Five percent import license application fees eliminated.
Malawi	4/1/88	Liberalization	Customs duty and import levy schedules combined into one tariff schedule, and taxes on luxury imports shifted from old duty schedule to surtax schedule, which applies to both imported and domestically produced manufactured goods.
Nicaragua	2/15/88	Liberalization	All exchange taxes on imports eliminated.
Singapore	4/1/88	Liberalization	Import duty on refrigerators eliminated.
South Africa	8/15/88	Tightening	Varying import surcharges ranging from 15 percent to 60 percent replaced uniform rate.
Sri Lanka	8/31/88	Tightening	Stamp duty on import letters of credit raised from 2 percent to 3 percent.
Sudan	10/1/88	Tightening	Defense tax on nonessential imports (that is, all imports except petroleum and petroleum products, wheat and wheat flour, pharmaceuticals, fertilizers, insecticides, and selected industrial inputs) raised from 5 percent to 10 percent.
Tanzania	7/1/88	Liberalization	Exemptions from customs tariffs reduced and rate structure simplified.
Thailand	5/31/88	Liberalization	Import duties on steel rods and billets reduced from 25 percent to 20 percent and 15 percent, respectively, to be effective until 12/15/88; duties reduced further on June 14 to 15 percent and 10 percent, respectively, also to be effective until 12/15/88.
Trinidad and Tobago	1/2/88	Tightening	Stamp duty rates on capital and consumer goods raised.
Turkey	1/1/88	Liberalization	Tariffs on imports from EC cut.
	1/16/88	Liberalization	Tariffs over 50 percent cut to 50 percent or less.
	1/16/88	Tightening	Number of items subject to premium payments raised from 577 to 787.
	7/23/88	Tightening	Surcharge raised from 4 percent to 8 percent.
	10/5/88	Tightening	Premium payments and stamp duties raised from 6 percent to 10 percent.
Zimbabwe	1/1/88	Liberalization	Basis of customs tariffs changed to c.i.f. value.
Advance Import Deposits
Developing countries—fuel exporters
Ecuador	2/23/88	Tightening	Rates and duration of advance import deposits raised.
	3/24/88	Liberalization	Advance import deposits on essential goods phased out.
	7/1/88	Tightening	Phasing-out of advance import deposits on essential goods suspended and rate raised.
	8/31/88	Tightening	Advance import deposits extended to public sector imports.
Developing countries—other
Bangladesh	7/1/88	Liberalization	Import letter of credit margin requirement of Bangladesh Bank eliminated.
	7/5/88	Liberalization	Advance foreign exchange deposit requirement of Bangladesh Bank eliminated.
El Salvador	2/1/88	Liberalization	Twenty percent guarantee deposit requirement abolished.
	2/1/88	Liberalization	Rate of advance import deposits lowered to 75 percent.
	6/1/88	Liberalization	Rate of advance import deposits lowered to 50 percent.
	9/1/88	Liberalization	Rate of advance import deposits lowered to 25 percent.
	12/31/88	Liberalization	Advance import deposit requirements abolished.
Israel	1/1/88	Liberalization	Import deposit requirement eliminated.
Madagascar	2/1/88	Tightening	Prior import deposits for import of raw materials and spare parts introduced.
	5/10/88	Liberalization	Prior import deposits for import of raw materials and spare parts eliminated.
Turkey	2/4/88	Tightening	Guarantee deposit rate raised from 7 percent to 15 percent.
	5/1/88	Liberalization	Guarantee deposit rate reduced from 15 percent to 7 percent.
	10/5/88	Tightening	Advance deposit rate raised from 7 percent to 15 percent.
Yemen Arab Republic	1/9/88	Liberalization	Margin deposits reduced from a range of 40–100 percent to a range of 25–50 percent.
*Other Import Measures*
Industrial countries
Australia	9/1/88	Liberalization	Antidumping procedures amended.
Italy	1/20/88	Liberalization	Compulsory foreign financing of advance import payments abolished.
	8/20/88	Liberalization	Some 80 items originating in state trading countries subject to import quotas permitted to be marketed without restriction.
Japan	4/22/88	Liberalization	Cooperative research between Japanese users and U.S. makers of semiconductors and microchips agreed.
United States	8/23/88	Tightening	Three-year ban on sale of goods manufactured by Toshiba Company of Japan imposed.
	11/15/88	Liberalization	Controls on shipments to Finland of certain products intended for re-export from Finland to China removed.
	12/21/88	Liberalization	MFN status for China renewed (53 FR 51217) renewed.
	12/29/88	Liberalization	Mexico reinstated as eligible to export beef, mutton, pork, and goat products to the United States.
EEC countries
	1/1/88	Tightening	Certain petroleum products refined in Turkey subjected to Community import surveillance (Council Regulation (EEC) 4175/87, 12/21/87).
	1/1/88	Tightening	Imports of certain cotton and wool textile products originating in Malta subjected to ceiling and Community import surveillance (Council Regulation (EEC) 4166/87, 12/21/87).
	1/1/88	Tightening	Imports of goods falling under the ECSC Treaty originating in Yugoslavia (that is, certain iron and steel products) subjected to ceiling and Community import surveillance (87/612/ECSC).
	7/1/88	Tightening	Imports of dessert apples originating in New Zealand subjected to licensing (Regulation No. 1934/88).
Developing countries—fuel exporters
Bahrain	1/1/88	Tightening	Government procurements required to give preference to goods produced in Bahrain or within Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member countries if prices of these goods are within specified margins of the prices of imported substitutes.
Ecuador	8/31/88	Tightening	Surrender requirement period for export proceeds shortened.
Mexico	4/1/88	Tightening	Advance payment for imports exceeding $10,000 restricted to 20 percent of import value.
Saudi Arabia	11/21/88	Liberalization	Import eligibility for some 301 products relaxed.
Trinidad and Tobago	1/2/88	Liberalization	Foreign exchange (trade certificates) allocation system made more flexible.
Developing countries—other
Barbados	3/17/88	Tightening	Certain vegetable oils subjected to import licensing requirements.
	3/17/88	Liberalization	Import licensing requirements for soybean oil, coconut oil, and corn oil abolished.
	4/12/88	Tightening	Gift wrapping papers subjected to import licensing requirements.
Botswana	3/21/88	Liberalization	Limit up to which exchange control formalities not required in respect of payment for imports increased.
Brazil	5/25/88	Liberalization	Minimum financing requirements liberalized.
	7/22/88	Liberalization	Reference prices for imports and minimum import values abolished.
	11/30/88	Liberalization	Minimum financing requirements liberalized.
Burundi	4/1/88	Liberalization	Ceiling on import licenses commercial banks are authorized to approve raised.
Chile	6/22/88	Liberalization	Imports valued at less than $5,000 exempted from 120-day minimum financing requirement.
	12/31/88	Liberalization	Imports valued at less than $20,000 exempted from 120-day minimum financing requirement.
Colombia	3/3/88	Liberalization	Lists of goods freely importable and subject to prior licensing modified.
Fiji	4/1/88	Tightening	Authorized banks permitted to approve advance import payments only up to F$2,000.
Gambia, The	7/1/88	Liberalization	Imports subject to a national sales tax of 10 percent.
Guyana	6/1/88	Liberalization	Import licensing requirements for “no-foreign currency” imports for personal use abolished.
	9/1/88	Liberalization	Import licenses for “no-foreign currency” imports granted automatically.
	10/1/88	Liberalization	Import licensing requirements for goods originating from Caribbean Common Market (Caricom) countries abolished.
Honduras	8/1/88	Liberalization	Limit on amount of foreign exchange commercial banks allowed to provide against CETRAs raised.
	9/1/88	Liberalization	Commercial banks allowed to intermediate sale of CETRAs.
	11/10/88	Tightening	Limit on amount of foreign exchange commercial banks allowed to provide against CETRAs reduced.
	11/10/88	Tightening	Waiting period for granting authorization for self-financed imports introduced.
Israel	7/1/88	Liberalization	Commercial banks allowed to finance imports of equipment from funds available in foreign currency deposits of nonresidents.
Korea	1/1/88	Liberalization	Eight items removed from import surveillance list.
Madagascar	9/1/88	Liberalization	Preferential treatment for basic import needs of exporting firms introduced.
Malawi	2/1/88	Liberalization	Procedure for allocating foreign exchange for about 25 percent of imports of nonpetroleum raw materials and spare parts liberalized.
	8/8/88	Liberalization	Procedure for allocating foreign exchange for additional 50 percent of imports of nonpetroleum raw materials and spare parts liberalized.
	9/22/88	Liberalization	Wheat flour, cement, and pencils removed from items requiring specific import licenses.
Maldives	4/1/88	Liberalization	Number of licensed importers increased.
Mauritania	6/1/88	Liberalization	Import licensing requirement for small enterprises replaced by foreign exchange authorization by Central Bank.
Mauritius	2/22/88	Liberalization	Customs administration reform and international standardization of goods classification introduced.
	7/1/88	Liberalization	Limit on import payments requiring prior approval eliminated for most imports.
Morocco	2/29/88	Liberalization	Payment period for imports lengthened from a maximum of 12 months to 24 months.
	5/4/88	Liberalization	Imports without payment exempted from a visa requirement from the Exchange Office.
Peru	9/17/88	Tightening	Sale of foreign exchange in advance for payment of imports with external financing prohibited.
Philippines	4/25/88	Liberalization	Prior approval requirement for some 129 products abolished.
	11/10/88	Liberalization	Minimum repayment terms for OA/DA imports reduced.
	12/22/88	Liberalization	Prior approval requirement for some 94 products abolished.
Poland	5/10/88	Liberalization	Targeted auctions introduced to broaden the scope for noncentral financing of imports; retention rates under ROD system began to be simplified and scope for use of foreign exchange retained under ROD accounts broadened.
Sri Lanka	7/11/88	Liberalization	Licensing requirements for imports of machinery for plastics and automatic filling and packing industry abolished.
	8/5/88	Liberalization	Letters of credit for imports of maize permitted to be established.
Sudan	10/25/88	Tightening	Some categories of imports transacted in the official market.
	12/1/88	Liberalization	Twenty-two categories made eligible to import using either commercial bank market resources or own resources.
	7/1/88	Liberalization	System of import licensing simplified.
Thailand	1/6/88	Liberalization	Imports of kraft paper and corrugated paperboard permitted.
	1/8/88	Liberalization	Imports of soybean oil permitted 3/31/88.
	3/4/88	Liberalization	Imports of 5,000 tons of palm oil permitted.
	3/15/88	Liberalization	Credit card holders in Thailand permitted to use credit cards abroad for import payments by submitting an application prior to their departure.
	5/24/88	Liberalization	Imports of steel rods permitted.
	6/7/88	Liberalization	Imports of sodium borate, sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, sodium pyborate, borax, boric acid, boraid acid, orthoborid acid, and borofax permitted.
	8/31/88	Tightening	Proportion of required local purchases to imports of silk warp increased from 4 percent to 5 percent.
Uruguay	11/9/88	Liberalization	Import procedures for fruits and vegetables simplified.
Western Samoa	12/1/88	Liberalization	Central bank approval requirement abolished for a number of products.
Yemen Arab Republic	1/1/88	Liberalization	Nonpetroleum exporters allowed to use 100 percent (instead of 50 percent) of export earnings to finance imports.
Zaïre	5/31/88	Tightening	Prior permission required for “imports without foreign exchange.”
*Exports and Export Proceeds*
Quantitative Restrictions and Controls on Exports
Industrial countries
Australia	1/1/88	Liberalization	Controls on exports of petroleum and petroleum products lifted.
	6/14/88	Liberalization	Controls on exports of defense-related goods relaxed.
Japan	4/1/88	Extention	Voluntary restraints on exports of passenger cars to the United States extended.
	7/20/88	Liberalization	Voluntary quota on exports of passenger cars and trucks to the EC increased by 3.5 percent.
	8/1/88	Tightening	Voluntary restraints introduced on exports of passenger cars and trucks to Sweden.
	12/3/88	Liberalization	Sixteen items added to list of products allowed to be exported to China.
New Zealand	9/16/88	Tightening	New Zealand agreed to limit beef exports to the United States in 1988.
Developing countries—fuel exporters
Indonesia	7/1/88	Tightening	Exports of semiprocessed rattan prohibited.
	9/20/88	Tightening	Exports of chipwood and low-price sawn timber prohibited.
Nigeria	1/29/88	Liberalization	Exports of refined petroleum products to West African countries permitted.
Developing countries—other
China, People’s Republic of	12/20/88	Tightening	Effective 1/1/89, exports of copper, copper-based alloys, aluminum and aluminum-based alloys, platinum, yellow phosphorous and nickel and nickel-based alloys, rubber, certain chemicals, and metal products prohibited.
India	4/1/88	Liberalization	Number of products subject to export controls reduced to 172.
Madagascar	1/18/88	Liberalization	(1) Exports of pepper and cloves by private sector exporters allowed; (2) export card and export declaration requirements abolished; and (3) domestic trade in export crops fully liberalized.
	6/2/88	Liberalization	Exports of coffee by private sector exporters allowed for the period 5/88–5/89.
	9/1/88	Liberalization	(1) Exports of all agricultural products, with the exception of vanilla, allowed at prices negotiated freely between exporters and foreign buyers; (2) all administrative controls on quality of export goods, except for the following four products, eliminated: vanilla, coffee, shellfish, and meat; and (3) certificate of quality required for cloves exports until end-December 1988.
Pakistan	7/1/88	Liberalization	Controls on private sector exports of cotton and Basmati rice liberalized.
	7/5/88	Liberalization	Limits on export of trade samples raised.
Thailand	1/1/88	Extension	Quota allocations for thread, cloth, and garments changed.
	7/21/88	Tightening	Exports of luggage made of silk blend and noncotton vegetable fiber subjected to approval.
	7/26/88	Liberalization	Coffee exports unfilled under 1987/88 quotas permitted during 10/88–9/89. Exporters owing these quotas required to deposit B 10,000 for each ton not yet exported, with deposits being redeemable when requirement is fulfilled.
*Export Licensing*
Industrial countries
United States	3/10/88	Liberalization	Licensing controls on exports of certain jig grinders removed.
Developing countries—other
Brazil	5/19/88	Liberalization	Prior control on exports of some products eliminated.
China, People’s Republic of	7/1/88	Liberalization	Export licensing requirement on some items abolished.
Paraguay	3/9/88	Liberalization	System of “one-stop” export approval (ventanilla unica) established.
Poland	7/1/88	Liberalization	System of export licensing simplified.
Sri Lanka	1/1/88	Liberalization	Export licensing requirement for coconuts and coconut products abolished.
	1/14/88	Liberalization	Export licensing requirement for rubber abolished.
Togo	3/14/88	Liberalization	Export licensing requirement for domestically produced manufactured goods abolished.
*Fiscal and Other Incentives*
Developing countries—other
Bangladesh	7/1/88	Extension	Export policy order 1988/89 extended export incentives.
	7/1/88	Extension	Export Performance Benefit Scheme extended.
	9/5/88	Extension	Export Performance Benefit Scheme extended.
Greece	1/1/88	Liberalization	Certain export subsidies reduced.
	1/1/88	Liberalization	Certain export subsidies eliminated.
Honduras	6/23/88	Liberalization	Coverage of CETRAs expanded.
	8/20/88	Liberalization	Percentage of proportion of CETRAs issued for nontraditional exports increased.
Hungary	1/1/88	Liberalization	Tax refund on exports settled in convertible currencies terminated.
India	4/1/88	Liberalization	Exporters of computer software made eligible for issues of blanket foreign exchange permits for export promotion purposes.
	4/1/88	Liberalization	Access to exporters of fiscal and other incentives related to the cost of imported inputs extended.
Nepal	1/1/88	Liberalization	Bonded warehouse facility and duty drawback system for garment industry expanded.
Nicaragua	2/15/88	Liberalization	Guaranteed producer prices for traditional export products eliminated.
Peru	2/24/88	Liberalization	Foreign exchange earnings from exports of textiles made of cotton, wool, and alpaca permitted to be exchanged into bank certificates denominated in foreign exchange.
	4/28/88	Tightening	Tax credit certificates for nontraditional exports (CERTEX) to be denominated in domestic currency but to be adjusted by no less than changes in the controlled exchange rate (MUC) rate.
	6/17/88	Liberalization	Exporters of traditional mining and fish products to receive Foreign Exchange Certificates (CLDs) equivalent to 10 percent of f.o.b. value of exports. Certificates may be used by exporter for payment of imports of inputs, spare parts, and capital equipment, or be transferred to other export enterprises; if not used within 90 calendar days, CLDs would be redeemed at exchange rate prevailing at the issuing date.
	7/23/88	Liberalization	All exporters to receive CLDs for the equivalent of 10 percent of their foreign exchange earnings.
	11/22/88	Liberalization	All exporters to receive CLDs for the equivalent of 30 percent of their export earnings.
	11/22/88	Tightening	Export earnings subject to taxes of 10 percent or 3 percent.
Poland	1/1/88	Liberalization	Export subsidy system simplified to provide for uniform subsidy rates of 20 percent for agricultural exports to the nonruble area and 50 percent for those to the ruble area.
	7/1/88	Liberalization	Export subsidy system further simplified to provide for uniform rates of subsidies (ranging from 5 percent to 25 percent) for nonagricultural exports to the nonruble area.
Thailand	4/8/88	Liberalization	Export bonus ratio changed from 1:1 to 1.3:1 for exports of tapioca products to non-EC and EC member countries.
	5/31/88	Extension	Reduction of business tax on tin and tin ore exports to 1 percent of gross receipts extended for another year.
Turkey	3/1/88	Tightening	Incentives for early surrender of foreign exchange earnings introduced.
	4/5/88	Liberalization	Gradual elimination of tax rebate system announced.
	7/1/88	Liberalization	Export subsidy system further simplified to provide for uniform rates of subsidies (ranging from 5 percent to 25 percent) for nonagricultural exports to the nonruble area.
	7/26/88	Tightening	Number of goods eligible for support premia increased.
	10/5/88	Tightening	Minimum export requirements for income tax deductions raised.
*Export Taxation*
Developing countries—other
Brazil	2/10/88	Tightening	Export earnings subjected to corporate income tax.
	2/11/88	Liberalization	Export tax on some exports to the United States abolished.
China, People’s Republic of	7/8/88	Tightening	Export duties introduced on copper and aluminum and a number of products made from these materials.
	9/20/88	Tightening	Export taxes levied on phosphorous, some petrochemicals, iron, lead, and zinc.
	10/26/88	Tightening	Export duties on raw silk and some silk products raised.
Dominican Republic	1/26/88	Tightening	Graduated tax rates applied to coffee exports.
Paraguay	2/8/88	Tightening	Tax of $15 a bag levied on coffee in transit.
Thailand	7/19/88	Liberalization	Export fee on frozen duck reduced.
*Special Credit Facilities*
Developing countries—other
Argentina	6/3/88	Tightening	Export prefinancing and financing regimes revised to increase incentives to obtain external finance and to impose stricter control on use of export finance.
Thailand	4/11/88	Tightening	Promissory notes issued by sugarcane exporters to be temporarily refinanced by the Bank of Thailand in specified proportions.
	5/27/88	Tightening	Promissory notes issued by rice exporters to be temporarily refinanced by the Bank of Thailand in specified proportions.
Turkey	4/5/88	Tightening	Gradual introduction of two subsidized credit facilities for exporters announced.
*Other Incentives*
Industrial countries
Italy	1/20/88	Liberalization	Foreign currency financing requirement for deferred export settlement abolished.
United States	7/15/88	Liberalization	Agreement reached with Japan on phasing-out of Japan’s import quotas on beef (in three years) and on oranges and orange juice (in four years).
	8/12/88	Liberalization	Agreement reached with Japan on Japan’s import quotas on 11 categories of processed food products (to become effective on 4/1/90).
Developing countries—fuel exporters
Syrian Arab Republic	1/28/88	Liberalization	Public sector enterprises permitted to retain export proceeds.
	10/31/88	Liberalization	Conversion rate used for surrender requirement changed to promotion rate.
Developing countries—other
Chile	4/9/88	Liberalization	Repatriation period for export proceeds held as swaps or foreign exchange deposits in the domestic banking system extended.
Jordan	11/27/88	Liberalization	Exporters allowed to retain 50 percent of proceeds and use them for imports of inputs.
Madagascar	1/18/88	Liberalization	Maximum period for repatriation of foreign exchange changed to 90 days from the date of shipment of goods.
Morocco	3/23/88	Liberalization	Delays in certain export payments permitted without the authorization of the Exchange Office.
	3/28/88	Liberalization	Export commissions up to a maximum of 5 percent became transferable without the approval of the Exchange Office.
Mozambique	1/1/88	Liberalization	Range of retention for traditional exports reduced from 30–100 percent to 30–70 percent.
	7/27/88	Liberalization	Maximum export commissions not requiring the approval of the Exchange Office raised from 5 percent to 10 percent.
Nicaragua	2/15/88	Liberalization	All differential surrender requirements for the proceeds from nontraditional exports (except industrial exports) eliminated.
Pakistan	7/1/88	Liberalization	Certain minimum export prices abolished.
Paraguay	2/8/88	Tightening	Merchandise in transit subjected to registration at the Central Bank.
	3/7/88	Liberalization	Surrender price for cotton reduced from $950 to $600 per ton.
	7/28/88	Liberalization	Surrender price for beef reduced from 22 to 10 percent of actual world prices.
	11/17/88	Liberalization	Surrender price for a variety of nontraditional export products reduced to 10 percent of actual world prices.
Sri Lanka	1/27/88	Liberalization	Minimum export prices for spices and allied products abolished.
Sudan	10/25/88	Liberalization	All export proceeds to be distributed between official market and commercial bank market in the proportion of 70 percent and 30 percent, respectively.
	10/31/88	Liberalization	Minimum export prices abolished except for certain basic export commodities.
Thailand	4/22/88	Liberalization	Exports of maize, grain sorghum, green beans, kapok, wool, salt, and castor seed liberalized by permitting members of Thai Maize and Produce Traders Association to export.
	6/23/88	Extension	The bonus quota of tapioca exports to EC countries from 9/23/88 to 12/31/88 set at 500,000 tons.
Zaïre	9/1/88	Introduction	Gold exporters allowed to retain 30 percent of their foreign exchange receipts.
*State Trading*
Developing countries—other
Bangladesh	7/19/88	Tightening	Barter protocol signed with China.
China, People’s Republic of	3/13/88	Liberalization	Control over Foreign Trade Corporations decentralized. Additional enterprises given the right to engage directly in foreign trade.
	3/13/88	Liberalization	Foreign exchange retention quotas for enterprises in several industrial sectors (light industry, arts and crafts, clothing, and machinery) and in some regions (Hainan Island and special economic zones) liberalized.
India	4/1/88	Liberalization	A total of 26 items allowed to be imported by private sector.
Mali	10/31/88	Liberalization	Somiex abolished.
Togo	6/30/88	Liberalization	Import Monopoly of Société Nationale de Commerce (Sonacom) for rice sugar, alcohol, cigarettes, tobacco products, and milk abolished.
*Current Invisibles*
Foreign Exchange Allocations for Travel, Medical Expenses, or Studying Abroad
Industrial countries
Italy	6/13/88	Liberalization	Payments for travel abroad liberalized as follows: (1) unlimited use of credit cards; (2) Italian bank notes up to Lit 1 million; (3) foreign exchange and external lire without limit but subject to certain conditions; and (4) checks drawn on domestic lire accounts without limit but subject to certain conditions.
Developing countries—fuel exporters
Tunisia	6/15/88	Liberalization	Authorized banks allowed to supply foreign exchange for official travel.
Developing countries—other
Barbados	11/10/88	Liberalization	Foreign exchange travel allowance for tourist and business travel and for education allowance abroad increased.
Brazil	9/9/88	Tightening	Limits on exchange allowances for travel to Central and South America reduced.
	9/28/88	Liberalization	Limits on exchange allowances for travel to Central and South America increased.
	12/1/88	Liberalization	Limits on exchange allowances for travel to all destinations increased.
Botswana	3/21/88	Liberalization	Basic travel allowances (other than vacation) increased.
	3/21/88	Liberalization	Basic overseas study and vacation travel allowances increased.
	3/21/88	Liberalization	Amount of unutilized foreign currency travel allowances resident may retain for future travel requirements increased.
	3/21/88	Liberalization	Commercial banks authorized to provide unlimited amounts to meet medical expenses abroad, subject to certain conditions.
Chile	3/16/88	Tightening	Eighty percent of travel allowances for trips to neighboring countries to be allocated in nontransferable money orders.
Greece	1/1/88	Liberalization	Allowance for travel to EC countries increased.
	6/22/88	Liberalization	Allowance for travel abroad increased.
Guinea	1/2/88	Liberalization	Foreign exchange allocation for tourist travel increased.
Hungary	1/1/88	Liberalization	Additional travel allowances granted to persons who have exhausted three-year allowance.
	1/1/88	Liberalization	Regulations on allowances for travel to Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) countries liberalized.
	7/19/88	Liberalization	Travel allowance for adults and children and allowance for purchase of railway tickets and fuel increased.
India	4/11/88	Liberalization	Surrender period for foreign exchange brought back to India by a resident returning from abroad increased to a maximum of 90 days.
Jamaica	8/8/88	Liberalization	Annual allowance for nonbusiness travel increased.
Korea	11/1/88	Liberalization	Automatic purchase of up to $5,000 of foreign exchange by residents, in addition to $5,000 travel allocation authorized (amounts beyond these limits available for bona fide travel).
Madagascar	7/1/88	Liberalization	Foreign exchange allowance for business travel increased to $100 a person a day, subject to a maximum of $1,500 a trip and a limit of two trips a year.
Malta	1/1/88	Tightening	Annual travel allowances reduced.
Mauritius	7/1/88	Liberalization	Credit cards allowed to pay for travel expenses under certain conditions.
Morocco	1/26/88	Liberalization	Regulations liberalizing the purchase of and reimbursement for tickets for foreign travel introduced.
Pakistan	4/21/88	Liberalization	Allowances for study abroad increased.
	5/4/88	Liberalization	Use of credit cards permitted for business travel.
	7/21/88	Liberalization	Allowances for private travel to Bangladesh increased.
	8/31/88	Liberalization	Business travelers allowed to settle credit card bills by encashing foreign exchange bearer certificates (FEBCs).
Papua New Guinea	1/5/88	Liberalization	Foreign exchange allocation for tourist and business travel doubled.
Peru	3/10/88	Tightening	Sales of tickets for travel abroad on credit suspended.
	10/31/88	Liberalization	Payments authorization requirement abolished.
Poland	12/1/88	Liberalization	Resident travelers allowed to take $500 out of country without official permission.
Sri Lanka	3/16/88	Liberalization	Air tickets permitted to be purchased by nationals even if basic passage entitlements already utilized.
	5/16/88	Liberalization	Passage tickets may be issued for travel abroad to nonnationals with payment in foreign currency.
	9/28/88	Liberalization	Basic and business travel allowances increased.
Western Samoa	12/1/88	Liberalization	Limits on foreign exchange allowances for travel increased.
Yemen Arab Republic	1/9/88	Liberalization	Limits on sales of foreign exchange to travelers raised.
	1/9/88	Liberalization	Limits on sales of foreign exchange for medical treatment abroad raised.
	1/15/88	Liberalization	Requirement that visitors must convert a specified amount of foreign exchange upon arrival abolished.
Zambia	10/17/88	Liberalization	Allowance for business travel increased.
*Outward Transfers or Payments for Services Rendered by Nonresidents*
Developing countries—other
Botswana	3/21/88	Liberalization	Limit up to which authorized dealers may approve payments of dividends and branch or partnership profits to nonresident directors and companies increased.
	3/21/88	Liberalization	Basic terminal allowance of a departing temporary resident increased.
Chile	5/17/88	Liberalization	Premia of up to $50,000 for insurance contracted in Chile allowed to be paid without prior authorization of the Central Bank.
Dominica	7/1/88	Liberalization	Tax on sales of foreign exchange for invisibles payments abolished.
Fiji	7/18/88	Tightening	Transfers of rent abroad made subject to Reserve Bank approval.
Guinea	1/2/88	Liberalization	Transfers abroad of salaries by expatriate workers authorized up to a limit of 50 percent of base earnings.
Jamaica	8/8/88	Liberalization	Annual allowances for remittances from emigrant property income, for family maintenance, and cash gifts increased.
Korea	11/1/88	Liberalization	Limit on overseas remittances abroad for weddings and funerals increased to $2,000. Expenditures by businesses for commissions, payments to foreign experts, and operations abroad liberalized.
Mauritius	7/1/88	Liberalization	Commercial banks authorized to provide foreign exchange for invisibles payments relating to all imports.
Morocco	2/17/88	Liberalization	Moroccan enterprises allowed to settle expenses of nonresident foreigners in dirhams.
Pakistan	10/23/88	Liberalization	Commission to foreign importers increased.
Peru	8/7/88	Tightening	Prohibition of profit remittances abroad and private external debt servicing extended until end-1988.
*Import and Export of Foreign and Domestic Currency Notes, and Holdings of Foreign Currency Domestically*
Industrial countries
Iceland	6/1/88	Liberalization	Amount of domestic bank notes residents and nonresidents take out and bring in increased to ISK 14,000.
Italy	4/14/88	Liberalization	Limit on Italian bank note imports abolished.
	6/13/88	Liberalization	Italian residents allowed to export Lit 1 million in Italian bank notes.
Developing countries—other
Botswana	3/21/88	Liberalization	Amount of Botswana currency notes and coins that may be exported by a traveler increased.
	3/21/88	Liberalization	Amount of foreign currency bank notes and coins that may be exported by a traveler increased.
	3/21/88	Liberalization	Amount in foreign exchange facilities that may be issued to nonresident travelers in exchange for pula notes increased.
Korea	3/25/88	Liberalization	Residents permitted to retain up to $5,000 in foreign currency.
	3/26/88	Tightening	Nonresidents prohibited from converting more than $20,000 of foreign currency into won on each visit.
	9/1/88	Tightening	Limit on conversion of foreign exchange to won by nonresidents lowered to $10,000 per visit.
	11/1/88	Liberalization	Limit on export of Korean currency notes raised to W 2 million.
Morocco	3/8/88	Liberalization	Visitors entitled to bring in foreign currency without limit and to repurchase foreign currency with dirhams.
	3/10/88	Liberalization	Exporters entitled to bring in foreign bank notes without declaring them at customs.
	1/28/88	Liberalization	Customs declarations no longer required for the importation of foreign exchange by Moroccans.
	3/21/88	Liberalization	Foreign currency accounts permitted to be credited without foreign bank notes customs declaration.
Western Samoa	12/1/88	Liberalization	Limit on export of foreign currency by travelers increased.
Zambia	5/19/88	Tightening	Foreign exchange received by authorized dealers required to be sold to Bank of Zambia.
*Capital Controls*
*Commercial Banks’ International Transactions*
Industrial countries
Italy	10/1/88	Liberalization	Commercial banks’ activity in foreign exchange liberalized as follows: (1) banks no longer required to balance their foreign exchange position daily against the lira, and allowed to keep unbalanced position not exceeding 5 percent of their total foreign currency assets as of December 1987; (2) the ceiling on forward operations against lire with spot cover increased by 50 percent for each authorized bank; (3) banks allowed to provide forward cover to residents also in respect of financial transactions; (4) banks allowed to write currency options, subject to certain prudential requirements; (5) banks free to extend loans in foreign currency to residents; and (6) banks allowed to lend lire to nonresidents to extend lira loans abroad up to the amount of lira deposits received from nonresidents.
Japan	3/22/88	Liberalization	Spot option trading abroad by certain financial institutions allowed.
Developing countries—fuel exporters
Indonesia	10/27/88	Liberalization	Reserve requirement ratio for foreign currency deposits reduced.
Developing countries—other
Egypt	2/14/88	Liberalization	Commercial banks allowed to use up to 10 percent of foreign exchange receipts a month to settle private debt service obligations falling due after 2/11/88.
Malaysia	9/12/88	Tightening	Limit of M$5 million a transaction imposed on swap arrangements.
Morocco	8/2/88	Liberalization	Banks permitted to repurchase foreign exchange from the Bank Al-Maghrib under certain circumstances.
Netherlands Antilles	4/1/88	Tightening	Maximum net foreign assets position of commercial banks as a percentage of domestic assets reduced.
Panama	3/4/88	Tightening	A bank holiday declared.
	3/22/88	Liberalization	All general license banks with significant offshore operations permitted to request additional international license to continue their offshore operations during bank holiday.
	3/22/88	Liberalization	Checks and money orders drawn against demand deposits (at general license banks) payable to the National Treasury permitted to be cashed without restriction.
	4/18/88	Liberalization	All general license banks allowed to reopen, but only to receive deposits.
	5/9/88	Liberalization	All general license banks allowed to resume all normal banking activities with the following restrictions: withdrawals permitted up to 25 percent of the balance as of 3/3/88, with a maximum of B 10,000; withdrawals from savings deposits limited to a maximum of B 50 a month; and time deposits frozen.
	7/7/88	Liberalization	Demand deposits permitted to be withdrawn up to 40 percent of the balance as of 3/3/88, with a maximum of B 20,000.
	7/18/88	Liberalization	Demand deposits permitted to be withdrawn up to 50 percent of the balance as of 3/3/88, with a maximum of B 50,000.
	8/15/88	Liberalization	Restrictions on 50 percent of interbank deposit balances removed.
	1/1/89	Liberalization	All restrictions on demand deposit withdrawals abolished.
Sri Lanka	5/5/88	Liberalization	Authorized dealers permitted to purchase foreign currency in amounts up to £1,000 or its equivalent without permit.
Thailand	5/6/88	Liberalization	Authorized banks permitted to accept foreign notes and coins up to equivalent of $5,000 for deposit in a foreign currency account in favor of a person in transit or a person entering Thailand temporarily.
	6/9/88	Liberalization	Authorized banks permitted to export foreign notes in surplus of normal banking operations for deposit abroad without Bank of Thailand approval.
Turkey	2/9/88	Tightening	Transfer requirement on foreign exchange holdings raised.
Zaïre	2/19/88	Tightening	Ceilings placed on banks’ net foreign asset positions.
Zambia	2/19/88	Tightening	Ceilings placed on banks’ net foreign asset positions.
*Nonresidents’ Accounts and Residents’ Foreign Exchange Accounts*
Industrial countries
France	6/1/88	Liberalization	(1) All remaining restrictions on foreign borrowing by French enterprises, previously subject to authorization for amounts exceeding F 50 million, abolished; and (2) ceiling on amount of foreign currency that French companies with international operations may hold abroad removed.
Italy	1/20/88	Liberalization	Maximum holding periods for funds credited to foreign exchange accounts lengthened.
	10/1/88	Liberalization	Nonbank residents not required to have authorization to acquire assets and liabilities abroad, with certain exceptions, provided transactions conducted through banks authorized by the Bank of Italy to deal in foreign exchange and foreign securities acquired abroad kept in deposit with banks.
Japan	1/29/88	Liberalization	Issuance of commercial papers by nonresidents in Japanese markets allowed.
Spain	5/10/88	Liberalization	Exporters allowed to maintain foreign exchange accounts credited with 25 percent of export proceeds.
Developing countries—fuel exporters
Syrian Arab Republic	10/30/88	Liberalization	Fifty percent of funds held in accounts of embassies and international organizations permitted to be converted at promotion rate.
Tunisia	8/18/88	Liberalization	International trading companies allowed to operate nonresident foreign accounts in convertible dinar and convertible currencies.
Developing countries—other
Botswana	3/21/99	Liberalization	Limit up to which authorized dealers may approve emigration allowances for permanent residents increased.
Dominican Republic	5/12/88	Liberalization	Commercial banks permitted to offer time and savings deposits with minimum balances and interest rate limits.
	5/13/88	Tightening	Exchange deposit accounts abolished.
	5/20/88	Liberalization	Accounts denominated in U.S. dollars permitted to be opened in mortgage banks and savings and loan associations.
Fiji	9/1/88	Liberalization	Controls on transfers of emigrant funds liberalized.
Guinea	1/2/88	Liberalization	Residents and nonresidents permitted to open accounts in convertible Guinean francs.
Hungary	1/1/88	Liberalization	Limit on income in convertible currencies earned by residents from specified activities that can be deposited in foreign currency accounts increased.
	1/1/88	Liberalization	Interest earnings on foreign currency accounts permitted.
	3/31/88	Liberalization	Three-month time period requirement during which residents must declare convertible currency holdings originating from unspecified sources abolished.
Israel	2/4/88	Tightening	Immigrants allowed to hold assets abroad and maintain free foreign currency accounts in Israel for 30 years.
	2/4/88	Liberalization	Immigrants and returning Israelis allowed to bring back foreign currency into unrestricted accounts after 12 months or more after initial conversion.
Jordan	6/6/88	Tightening	Commercial banks prohibited from extending dinar loans against foreign currency deposits.
	7/2/88	Liberalization	Jordanian nationals working abroad allowed to maintain deposits in foreign currencies without limit and use balances without restrictions.
Korea	3/25/88	Liberalization	Foreign exchange allowances for emigrants raised to $200,000 a household or $300,000 for emigration for business purposes.
Lesotho	8/12/88	Tightening	Transfers of earnings on blocked accounts of emigrants limited to M 300,000 a year.
Mauritania	9/1/88	Liberalization	Convertible accounts permitted to be credited with 15 percent of export proceeds repatriated by the fisheries sector.
Mauritius	7/1/88	Liberalization	Emigrant allowance increased.
Morocco	5/2/88	Liberalization	Nonresident Moroccans permitted to open and maintain convertible dirham accounts.
Peru	9/23/88	Liberalization	Central Reserve Bank permitted to authorize opening and maintenance of deposits in foreign exchange.
	9/29/88	Liberalization	Financial system authorized to receive and maintain checking and time deposits in foreign exchange. Deposits to be exempted from reserve requirements. Financial system would not extend credit based on these accounts, but may sell foreign exchange for tourism abroad and “own-funds” imports.
Poland	7/1/88	Liberalization	Declaration requirement for sources of funds for accounts “A” abolished.
Portugal	11/30/88	Liberalization	Regulations on nonresident demand accounts in escudos liberalized.
Somalia	8/7/88	Liberalization	Holders of foreign exchange accounts allowed to trade in foreign exchange at rates negotiated freely among them.
South Africa	2/23/88	Liberalization	Authorized dealers permitted to release to immigrants through financial rand medium assets of up to R 100,000 a family during first three years of residence.
	8/15/88	Tightening	Transfer abroad of income earned by emigrants through medium of commercial rand limited to R 300,000 a calendar year and excess amount to be credited to financial rand account.
Sri Lanka	5/5/88	Liberalization	Authorized dealers permitted to open and maintain nonresident foreign currency accounts for Sri Lankan nationals employed abroad and for nonnationals of Sri Lankan origin resident abroad.
Zaïre	6/3/88	Liberalization	Eligibility limitations for foreign exchange accounts liberalized.
Portfolio Investment
Industrial countries
Denmark	10/1/88	Liberalization	All restrictions on inward and outward capital transfers abolished.
Finland	8/1/88	Liberalization	(1) Ceiling on direct investment, purchases of foreign securities, and real estate raised to Fmk 0.3 million; and (2) nonfinancial enterprises no longer required permission for direct investment abroad.
Iceland	3/10/88	Tightening	Tax rates on foreign borrowing raised.
	5/20/88	Liberalization	Basis of borrowing for capital goods imports changed from contract to f.o.b. import value.
Norway	12/5/88	Liberalization	Restrictions on long-term foreign borrowing by commercial enterprises liberalized.
Spain	6/14/88	Tightening	Minimum maturity period of foreign currency borrowing not subject to authorization raised from one to three years.
Sweden	2/12/88	Liberalization	Restrictions on sales of shares to foreigners lifted.
Developing countries—other
Botswana	3/21/88	Liberalization	Initial tranche of local financial support that a non-resident-controlled business entity may borrow in Botswana increased.
	3/21/88	Tightening	Parastatals advised that they should not borrow from outside Botswana unless equivalent facilities not available domestically.
Brazil	7/28/88	Introduction	Regulations on foreign capital participation in mutual funds introduced.
Chile	3/8/88	Liberalization	Mortgage debtors allowed to engage in debt conversions under Article XVIII of Foreign Exchange Laws.
Greece	11/23/88	Liberalization	Residents allowed to purchase securities issued by EC or European Investment Bank within limit.
Israel	9/15/88	Liberalization	Three percent levy on foreign exchange loans abolished.
Korea	3/19/88	Liberalization	Limit on foreign exchange holdings for investment in foreign securities by Korean securities firms raised; insurance and investment trust firms authorized to hold up to $10 million.
Morocco	3/1/88	Liberalization	New types of foreign investment allowed in Morocco.
	6/13/88	Liberalization	New regulations regarding investment by Moroccans living abroad announced.
Papua New Guinea	1/1/88	Liberalization	Annual limit for investment abroad increased by 50 percent.
	1/1/88	Liberalization	Moratorium period on foreign loans reduced to one year after disbursement.
Peru	6/29/88	Liberalization	Any person or entity permitted to repatriate capital without revealing origin of funds.
Turkey	7/20/88	Liberalization	Restrictions on foreign participation in domestic securities market eased.
Viet Nam	10/21/88	Liberalization	Residents permitted to borrow abroad for working capital purposes, subject to reporting requirements.
Direct Investment
Industrial countries
Australia	1/22/88	Liberalization	Guidelines for local equity participation in new oil and gas projects exceeding $A 10 million waived.
France	9/24/88	Liberalization	Prior authorization requirement for new direct investments in France by non-EC residents eliminated.
Spain	12/19/88	Liberalization	Direct investments abroad in companies engaged in portfolio and real estate investment activities permitted.
	12/19/88	Liberalization	Ceilings on real estate investment abroad abolished.
Sweden	2/12/88	Liberalization	Restrictions on financing of direct investment lifted.
	6/1/88	Liberalization	Banks authorized to grant permits for direct investment in certain areas.
Developing countries—fuel exporters
Nigeria	7/5/88	Liberalization	Guidelines on an external debt-conversion program for Nigeria published.
Developing countries—other
Brazil	11/30/88	Liberalization	Investment abroad by Brazilian enterprises at official exchange rate allowed under certain conditions.
China, People’s Republic of	4/13/88	Liberalization	New Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures law adopted.
Dominica	1/1/88	Liberalization	Investment tax credit of 10 percent introduced.
	1/1/88	Liberalization	Reinvested profits exempted from withholding tax on profits.
Greece	11/23/88	Liberalization	Direct investments in EC by residents liberalized.
	11/23/88	Liberalization	Real estate investment by emigrants in EC countries permitted.
India	7/1/88	Liberalization	Period during which foreign companies that transfer technology to Indian companies without taking an equity position can receive royalty payments extended.
Korea	1/7/88	Liberalization	Foreign investment in advertising, motion picture distribution, and insurance industries liberalized.
	10/19/88	Liberalization	Foreign subsidiaries and joint ventures authorized to import and distribute all products except for 12 restricted items.
	11/1/88	Liberalization	Limit for overseas investments subject to automatic approval raised.
Malaysia	7/19/88	Liberalization	Foreign stock brokerage firms allowed to increase their equity share in local brokerage firms from 30 percent to 49 percent.
Morocco	3/1/88	Liberalization	New types of foreign investments allowed in Morocco.

Summary Table. Measures Affecting Members’ Exchange and Trade Systems, 1988

Member	Date	Direction	Measures
*Imports and Import Payments*
Quantitative Import Controls
Industrial countries
Australia	4/13/88	Liberalization	Tariff quotas on passenger motor vehicles abolished.
	12/20/88	Liberalization	Embargo on sugar imports temporarily suspended.
Canada	11/30/88	Liberalization	The phased removal of quotas on ladies’ and girls’ footwear completed.
Iceland	1/1/88	Liberalization	Import tariff regime simplified.
	2/1/88	Liberalization	Fishing vessels deleted from restricted list.
Japan	6/20/88	Liberalization	Import liberalization program covering 1988–93 on citrus and beef agreed with the United States.
	6/24/88	Liberalization	Import liberalization program covering 1988–93 on beef agreed with Australia.
	7/21/88	Liberalization	Import liberalization programs for nine agricultural products agreed with the United States.
New Zealand	7/1/88	Liberalization	Import licensing requirement eliminated for all imports not subject to Industry Plans.
Spain	3/8/88	Tightening	Tin plates added to restricted steel product imports.
United States	1/1/88	Liberalization	Quota on imports of selected steel products (sheet, strip rods, pipes, tubes, wire) from Mexico adjusted upward by 12.4 percent.
	1/1/88	Tightening	Growth of imports of selected textiles and apparel from China limited to 3 percent a year under four-year agreement.
	1/5/88	Tightening	Growth of imports of selected textiles and apparel from Mexico limited to 6 percent a year under four-year agreement.
	1/7/88	Tightening	Canadian potash producers agreed to adjust sale prices of exports to the United States to avoid imposition of antidumping duties.
	5/20/88	Liberalization	Quota levels for imports of garments from the Dominican Republic increased under four-year agreement.
	7/22/88	Liberalization	Global quota on sugar imports increased.
	11/1/88	Liberalization	Quota on garment exports by Jamaica increased.
Developing countries—fuel exporters
Ecuador	2/23/88	Tightening	Automobile imports prohibited.
	6/21/88	Liberalization	Ban on automobile imports lifted and replaced by specific import quotas.
	8/31/88	Tightening	Automobile imports banned and imports of capital goods restricted.
Indonesia	11/21/88	Liberalization	Restrictions on some 351 products relaxed.
Nigeria	2/9/88	Tightening	Barley, malt, aluminum sulfate, and retreaded tires added to prohibited list.
	2/9/88	Liberalization	Unmanufactured wood removed from prohibited list.
Syrian Arab Republic	4/16/88	Liberalization	Authorization granted to producers of ready-to-wear garments to import outside the permitted import system.
	6/12/88	Liberalization	Authorization granted to dry fruit producers to import raw materials.
	9/29/88	Tightening	Permission to import prohibited goods of a value of up to LS 70,000 withdrawn.
Tunisia	1/29/88	Liberalization	Administrative restrictions on certain imports removed.
Developing countries—other
Argentina	3/25/88	Liberalization	Quantitative restrictions on petrochemical and iron and steel products reduced.
	6/6/88	Liberalization	Quantitative restrictions on a range of agricultural machinery and equipment eliminated.
	9/21/88	Liberalization	Import controls abolished on 2,400 items, covering capital goods, textiles other than garments, chemicals and petroleum products, and tobacco; production coverage of controls reduced to 18 percent.
Bangladesh	3/16/88	Liberalization	Import of rice by the private sector permitted.
	4/6/88	Liberalization	Interim import policy order 1988/89 reduced negative and restricted lists.
	7/1/88	Liberalization	Import policy order 1988/89 reduced negative and restricted lists.
Brazil	5/4/88	Liberalization	Imports of agricultural commodities liberalized.
Burundi	4/1/88	Liberalization	Controls on luxury goods eliminated.
Colombia	8/3/88	Liberalization	Essential industries allowed to import certain products needed for operation under a six-month licensing regime.
Congo	5/28/88	Liberalization	Import licenses abolished, except for 13 products, and replaced by ex post declarations.
Dominican Republic	4/29/88	Tightening	Imports of automobiles and luxury goods prohibited for one year.
El Salvador	1/1/88	Liberalization	Number of prohibited import items reduced to 106.
	6/1/88	Liberalization	Number of prohibited items reduced to 28.
Guyana	8/31/88	Liberalization	Certain items removed from prohibited import list.
India	4/1/88	Liberalization	A total of 329 items of intermediate and raw material items added to OGL.
	4/1/88	Liberalization	A total of 99 capital goods items added to OGL.
	4/1/88	Tightening	Number of items of intermediate raw materials on the restricted and permissible list increased to 816.
	4/1/88	Tightening	Number of machine tools on OGL reduced to 157.
Jordan	11/7/88	Tightening	Imports of certain products prohibited.
Korea	1/7/88	Liberalization	Imports by foreign subsidiaries and joint ventures engaged in manufacturing liberalized.
	4/1/88	Liberalization	A total of 142 items (net) from list of restricted imports removed.
	5/12/88	Liberalization	Five agricultural products from list of restricted imports removed.
	7/1/88	Liberalization	A total of 46 items from list of restricted imports removed.
	7/7/88	Liberalization	Prohibition on beef imports replaced by quota.
	8/12/88	Liberalization	Prohibition on imports of frozen french fries removed.
	12/2/88	Liberalization	A total of 59 items from list of restricted imports removed.
Madagascar	2/1/88	Liberalization	(1) OGL system introduced for raw materials and spare parts; and (2) number of prohibited items and items requiring prior authorizations reduced to 94 customs nomenclature categories.
	7/1/88	Liberalization	OGL system extended to imports of all goods.
	8/5/88	Liberalization	Number of prohibited items and items requiring prior authorizations reduced to 88 customs nomenclature categories, mainly for security and health reasons.
Malaysia	1/13/88	Liberalization	Licensing requirements for imports from China abolished.
Maldives	4/1/88	Liberalization	Import quota for April 1988/March 1989 increased by 30 percent.
Mali	6/30/88	Liberalization	Quotas on ten products removed.
Morocco	10/31/88	Liberalization	Some 130 items transferred from List B to List A.
Nepal	1/1/88	Liberalization	OGL system expanded.
	3/8/88	Liberalization	Limit on imports of gold by Pakistani nationals to be used for production of jewelry for export increased.
Netherlands Antilles	1/1/88	Tightening	Quotas on 43 items reduced to 50 percent of the c.i.f. value of 1987 imports.
Pakistan	7/1/88	Liberalization	1988/89 import policy order liberalized imports of a number of items and increased cash value ceilings on other products.
	10/29/88	Liberalization	Imports of typewriter ribbons liberalized.
	11/23/88	Liberalization	Imports of computer software liberalized.
	11/28/88	Tightening	Imports of medicine containing benzidine banned.
	12/12/88	Liberalization	Imports of ball bearings liberalized.
Sierra Leone	5/23/88	Liberalization	Unnumbered import licensing facility reintroduced de facto.
	11/25/88	Tightening	Imports of cigarettes prohibited.
Singapore	4/1/88	Liberalization	Import licensing requirement for air conditioners abolished.
Sri Lanka	5/20/88	Liberalization	Imports of precious and semiprecious stones and imitation jewelry for domestic use permitted.
Tanzania	2/1/88	Liberalization	Portion of foreign exchange made available on a nonadministrative basis for a selected positive list of priority import categories under OGL.
Thailand	6/10/88	Liberalization	Imports of 5,377 units of two-wheel walking tractors and 705 units of used four-wheel tractors permitted until end of the year.
	9/28/88	Extension	Imports of 150,000 metric tons of soybean in the 1988/89 season permitted; required ratio of local purchases to imports set at 1:2.
Togo	3/1/88	Liberalization	Quotas on most imports abolished.
Turkey	1/16/88	Liberalization	Number of items subject to licensing cut from 110 to 33.
	12/28/88	Tightening	Number of items subject to licensing raised from 33 to 49.
Zimbabwe	6/1/88	Tightening	Cumulative tourist travel allowances of husband and wife allowed to be used to import goods on OGL reduced from Z$3,000 to Z$900.
*Import Surcharges and Import Taxation*
Industrial countries
Australia	4/13/88	Liberalization	Tariffs on passenger motor vehicles reduced.
	5/25/88	Liberalization	Generalized tariff reductions announced.
	7/1/88	Liberalization	Tariffs on imports from New Zealand eliminated.
Canada	6/6/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on soda ash imports from the United States terminated.
	6/30/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on countertop microwave ovens from Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Singapore terminated.
	7/27/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on stainless steel plate and sheet from Japan and South Africa terminated.
	7/27/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on stainless steel plate from Belgium, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom terminated.
	7/29/88	Tightening	Definitive antidumping duties imposed on barbed wire from Poland.
	8/22/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on hand saw blades from the United States terminated.
	8/23/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on ladies’ handbags from the Republic of Korea, Hong Kong, and Taiwan Province of China terminated.
	12/6/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on porcelain insulators from Japan and the United States terminated.
	12/7/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on camping tents from China terminated.
	12/8/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on abrasion-resistant steel pipe from the United States terminated.
	12/15/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on padded clothes hangers from the United States and Taiwan Province of China.
	12/29/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on polyphase induction motors (above 200 hp) from Brazil, France, Japan, Sweden, Taiwan Province of China, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
	12/29/88	Tightening	Provisional countervailing duties imposed on polyphase induction motors (above 200 hp) from Brazil.
Iceland	1/1/88	Liberalization	Import tariff regime simplified.
Japan	4/1/88	Liberalization	Tariff rates on certain industrial products and processed food products reduced.
	8/1/88	Liberalization	Tariff rate on crude oil and petroleum products reduced.
New Zealand	7/1/88	Liberalization	Across-the-board phased tariff reductions for industries not subject to Industry Plans implemented.
	1/1/88	Liberalization	Most tariffs on imports of goods from Australia eliminated.
Spain	1/1/88	Liberalization	Tariff reductions in accordance with EC accession implemented.
	10/1/88	Liberalization	Tariff reduction in accordance with EC accession implemented.
United States	1/30/88	Tightening	Antidumping duties imposed on imports of color picture tubes from Canada, Japan, Singapore, and the Republic of Korea.
	3/8/88	Tightening	Antidumping duties imposed on imports of stainless steel butt-weld pipe fittings from Japan.
	3/11/88	Tightening	Duty-free treatment for imports from Panama abolished.
	5/3/88	Tightening	Antidumping duties imposed on imports of small- to medium-capacity internal combustion forklift trucks from Japan.
	6/16/88	Tightening	Antidumping duties imposed on imports of butadiene-acrylonitrile-copolymer synthetic rubber from Japan.
	7/3/88	Tightening	MFN provisions of trade agreement with Romania suspended.
	7/26/88	Tightening	Antidumping duties imposed on imports of brass sheet and strip from Japan and the Netherlands.
	8/5/88	Tightening	Countervailing and antidumping duties imposed on imports of electrical conductor aluminum redraw rods from Venezuela.
	8/9/88	Tightening	Antidumping duties imposed on imports of granular polytetra-fluoroethylene resin from Japan.
	8/22/88	Tightening	Exceptions to sanctions against Panama to permit the payment of import duties allowed.
	10/30/88	Tightening	Sanctions in the form of 100 percent tariffs on $39 million of imports from Brazil in retaliation for alleged lack of patent protection by Brazil imposed.
	10/31/88	Liberalization	Intention to accede to the Harmonized Tariff Schedule on 1/1/89 announced.
	12/6/88	Liberalization	Tariff protection for red cedar shakes and shingles for an additional two-and-a-half years introduced at lower rate.
	12/21/88	Liberalization	Retaliatory tariffs on pasta imports from the EC eliminated.
EEC countries
	1/4/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 7/88).
	1/11/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on tangerines originating in Morocco eliminated (Regulation 68/88).
	1/18/88	Tightening	Definitive antidumping duties imposed on imports of electronic typewriters originating in Japan (Regulation 154/88).
	1/20/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on imports of certain iron and steel coils originating in Algeria, Mexico, and Yugoslavia (Regulation 163/88/ECSC). (Regulation 979/88/ECSC modified these duties.)
	1/25/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on imports of certain iron and steel sheets and plates originating in Yugoslavia (Regulation 229/88/ECSC). (Regulation 980/88/ECSC modified these duties.)
	1/25/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on imports of fresh tangerines originating in Turkey (Regulation 204/88).
	1/26/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Morocco (Regulation 216/88).
	1/26/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on artichokes originating in Egypt (Regulation 215/88).
	1/26/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on artichokes originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 214/88).
	2/3/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on imports of fresh tangerines originating in Turkey eliminated (Regulation 324/88).
	2/4/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on imports of potassium permanganate originating in China (Regulation 360/88).
	2/8/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on artichokes originating in Egypt (Regulation 362/88).
	2/22/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on artichokes originating in Egypt eliminated (Regulation 482/88).
	2/23/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on imports of polyester yarn from the United States expired (88/C/72/05).
	2/24/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on cucumbers originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 496/88).
	3/15/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on imports of oxalic acid originating in Taiwan Province of China and the Republic of Korea (Regulation 699/88).
	3/23/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 764/88).
	3/29/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on artichokes originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 836/88).
	4/5/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 903/88).
	4/6/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 915/88).
	4/6/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Morocco (Regulation 916/88).
	4/7/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in the Canary Islands (Regulation 927/88).
	4/7/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on cucumbers originating in Poland (Regulation 928/88).
	4/11/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on artichokes originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 955/88).
	4/11/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 956/88).
	4/14/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 985/88).
	4/14/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 986/88).
	4/14/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on artichokes originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 987/88).
	4/14/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in the Canary Islands (Regulation 988/88).
	4/15/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on imports of tomatoes originating in Turkey (Regulation 1003/88).
	4/15/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on imports of zinc-coated steel sheets from the German Democratic Republic expired (88/C/131/03).
	4/15/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on imports of sheets and plates of iron and steel from the German Democratic Republic expired (88/C/131/03).
	4/18/88	Tightening	Antidumping duties on certain electronic scales assembled in the EEC extended (Regulation 1021/88).
	4/19/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on tomatoes originating in Morocco eliminated (Regulation 1028/88).
	4/20/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on imports of orthoxylene from Puerto Rico and the United States expired (88/C/72/05).
	4/20/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on imports of paraxylene from Puerto Rico, the United States, and the American Virgin Islands expired (88/C/72/05).
	4/25/88	Tightening	Definitive antidumping duties imposed on imports of roller chains for cycles originating in China (Regulation 1198/88).
	5/3/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 1213/88).
	5/4/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 1224/88).
	5/5/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Morocco (Regulation 1240/88).
	5/6/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 1258/88).
	5/6/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on zucchini originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 1259/88).
	5/10/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Cyprus (Regulation 1275/88).
	5/10/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Israel (Regulation 1276/88).
	5/10/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on tomatoes originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 1278/88).
	5/11/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties on imports of certain iron and steel sheets and plates originating in Yugoslavia extended (Regulation 1321/88/ECSC).
	5/11/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties on imports of certain iron and steel coils, originating in Algerian, Mexico, and Yugoslavia extended. (Regulation 1322/88/ECSC).
	5/16/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Morocco (Regulation 1325/88).
	5/16/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on zucchini originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 1234/88).
	5/16/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 1323/88).
	5/17/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on imports of tomatoes originating in Turkey (Regulation 1341/88).
	5/17/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on imports of serial-impact-dot-matrix printers originating in Japan (Regulation 1418/88).
	5/19/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Romania (Regulation 1373/88).
	5/19/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on cucumbers originating in Poland (Regulation 1372/88).
	5/19/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 1371/88).
	5/19/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on zucchini originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 1370/88).
	5/20/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Cyprus (Regulation 1392/88).
	5/24/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Poland (Regulation 1409/88).
	5/24/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on zucchini originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 1410/88).
	5/24/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 1408/88).
	5/25/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Israel (Regulation 1419/88).
	5/30/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Cyprus (Regulation 1486/88).
	5/30/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on cucumbers originating in Poland (Regulation 1487/88).
	5/30/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on tomatoes originating in Morocco eliminated (Regulation 1488/88).
	5/30/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on tomatoes originating in Romania eliminated (Regulation 1490/88).
	5/31/88	Tightening	Definitive antidumping duties imposed on imports of potassium permanganate originating in China (Regulation 1531/88).
	6/2/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on tomatoes originating in Poland eliminated (Regulation 1536/88).
	6/3/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on apricots originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 1553/88).
	6/3/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 1554/88).
	6/6/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on apricots originating in Tunisia (Regulation 1560/88).
	6/10/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 1627/88).
	6/10/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on apricots originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 1628/88).
	6/10/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on imports of hexamethylenetetramin from the German Democratic Republic and the U.S.S.R. expired (88/C/307/02).
	6/14/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on imports of polyester yarn originating in Mexico, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan Province of China, and Turkey (Regulation 1695/88).
	6/14/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on imports of synthetic fibers of polyesters originating in Mexico, Romania, Taiwan Province of China, Turkey, the United States, and Yugoslavia (Regulation 1696/88).
	6/15/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on peaches including nectarines originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 1679/88).
	6/15/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 1680/88).
	6/20/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 1726/88).
	6/21/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on imports of paracetamol originating in China (Regulation 1745/88).
	6/21/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 1746/88).
	6/21/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge on peaches including nectarines originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 1747/88).
	6/22/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on apricots originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 1760/88).
	6/23/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on bisphenol imported from the United States expired (88/C/307/02).
	6/30/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on tomatoes originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 1899/88).
	7/4/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Argentina (Regulation 1965/88).
	7/5/88	Introduction	Provisional antidumping duty imposed on imports of serial-impact-fully-formed character printers originating in Japan (Regulation 2005/88).
	7/7/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on cherries originating in Hungary (Regulation 2011/88).
	7/8/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Argentina (Regulation 2042/88).
	7/8/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Poland (Regulation 2043/88).
	7/11/88	Tightening	Definitive antidumping duties imposed on imports of oxalic acid originating in Taiwan Province of China and the Republic of Korea (Regulation 2089/88).
	7/12/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 2073/88).
	7/18/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 2139/88).
	7/18/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on eggplants originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 2141/88).
	7/18/88	Tightening	Definitive antidumping duties imposed on imports of certain iron and steel sheets and plates originating in Yugoslavia (Regulation 2131/88/ECSC).
	7/18/88	Tightening	Definitive antidumping duties imposed on imports of certain iron or steel coils originating in Algeria, Mexico, and Yugoslavia (Regulation 2131/88/ECSC).
	7/18/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on cherries originating in Hungary eliminated (Regulation 2140/88).
	7/19/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on tomatoes originating in Poland eliminated (Regulation 2151/88).
	7/20/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on imports of certain iron and steel sections originating in Yugoslavia and Turkey (Regulation 2158/88/ECSC).
	7/29/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on imports of copper sulphate originating in Bulgaria and the U.S.S.R. (Regulation 2386/88).
	7/31/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on iron and steel sheets and plates, hot rolled (A/S) imported from Brazil suspended (88/C/307/02).
	8/4/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on table grapes originating in Chile (Regulation 2460/88).
	8/6/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on steel coils for re-rolling imported from Brazil and Venezuela suspended (88/C/307/02).
	8/10/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on certain varieties of plums originating in Yugoslavia (Regulation 2518/88).
	8/16/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on table grapes originating in Chile eliminated (Regulation 2556/88).
	8/21/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on barium chloride imported from China and the German Democratic Republic expired (88/C/307/02).
	8/22/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 2612/88).
	8/24/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on imports of urea originating in Austria, Hungary, Malaysia, Romania, the United States, and Venezuela (Regulation 2623/88).
	8/26/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on certain imports of video cassette recorders originating in Japan and the Republic of Korea (Regulation 2684/88).
	8/26/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on certain varieties of plums originating in Yugoslavia (Regulation 2662/88).
	8/26/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on table grapes originating in Cyprus (Regulation 2663/88).
	8/29/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Portugal (Regulation 2676/88).
	8/31/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on certain electronic scales assembled in the EEC repealed (Regulation 2735/88).
	9/5/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on imports of fresh lemons originating in Turkey (Regulation 2763/88).
	9/7/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on certain varieties of plums originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 2783/88).
	9/7/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on table grapes originating in Cyprus eliminated (Regulation 2785/88).
	9/8/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on the import of certain varieties of plums originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) repealed (Regulation 2795/88).
	9/12/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on imports of fresh lemons originating in Turkey eliminated (Regulation 2814/88).
	9/19/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 2887/88).
	9/20/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Portugal (Regulation 2899/88).
	9/20/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on tomatoes originating in Portugal eliminated (Regulation 2899/88).
	9/21/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Turkey (Regulation 2911/88).
	9/23/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties on imports of serial-impact-dot-matrix printers originating in Japan extended (Regulation 2943/88).
	9/29/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on imports of paint, distemper, varnish, and similar brushes originating in China (Regulation 3052/88).
	10/5/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on apples originating in Australia (Regulation 3078/88).
	10/6/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on apples originating in Portugal (Regulation 3089/88).
	10/10/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on imports of fresh lemons originating in Turkey eliminated (Regulation 3120/88).
	10/14/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties on imports of polyester fibers originating in Mexico, Romania, Taiwan Province of China, Turkey, the United States, and Yugoslavia extended (Regulation 3170/88).
	10/14/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties on imports of polyester yarn originating in Mexico, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan Province of China, and Turkey extended (Regulation 3171/88).
	10/14/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties on imports of paracetamol originating in China extended (Regulation 3172/88).
	10/17/88	Tightening	Antidumping duties extended on certain plain paper photocopiers assembled in the EEC extended (Regulation 3205/88).
	10/17/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 3186/88).
	10/17/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Romania (Regulation 3187/88).
	10/18/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Poland (Regulation 3203/88).
	10/19/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on apples originating in Portugal eliminated (Regulation 3214/88).
	10/20/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on cucumbers originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 3233/88).
	10/27/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on tomatoes originating in Poland eliminated (Regulation 3339/88).
	10/27/88	Liberalization	Antidumping duties on lithium hydroxide imported from the U.S.S.R. and the United States expired (88/C/307/22).
	10/28/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on tomatoes originating in Romania eliminated (Regulation 3374/88).
	11/4/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties on imports of serial-impact-fully-formed character printers originating in Japan extended (Regulation 3451/88).
	11/14/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on apples originating in Australia eliminated (Regulation 3534/88).
	11/17/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 3581/88).
	11/17/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 3582/88).
	11/18/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Cyprus (Regulation 3603/88).
	11/18/88	Tightening	Definitive antidumping duties imposed on imports of certain iron or steel sections originating in Yugoslavia and Turkey (Regulation 3599/88/ECSC).
	11/23/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on tomatoes originating in Morocco (Regulation 3649/88).
	11/23/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on fresh lemons originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 3650/88).
	11/23/88	Tightening	Definitive antidumping duties imposed on dot-matrix printers originating in Japan (Regulation 3651/88).
	11/24/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on fresh lemons originating in Cyprus eliminated (Regulation 3671/88).
	11/25/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on artichokes originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 3690/88).
	11/28/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties on imports of copper sulphate originating in Bulgaria and the U.S.S.R. extended for two months (Regulation 3720/88).
	12/1/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on artichokes originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 3766/88).
	12/5/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh tangerines originating in Morocco (Regulation 3796/88).
	12/7/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh tangerines originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) (Regulation 3821/88).
	12/7/88	Tightening	Countervailing charge imposed on fresh lemons originating in Turkey (Regulation 3820/88).
	12/12/88	Liberalization	Countervailing charge on tangerines originating in Spain (except the Canary Islands) eliminated (Regulation 3855/88).
	12/12/88	Tightening	Definitive antidumping duties imposed on imports of paracetamol originating in China (Regulation 3923/88).
	12/12/88	Tightening	Definitive antidumping duties imposed on imports of polyester yarn originating in the Republic of Korea, Mexico, Taiwan Province of China, and Turkey (Regulation 3905/88).
	12/16/88	Tightening	Definitive antidumping duties imposed on imports of synthetic fibers of polyesters originating in Mexico, Romania, Taiwan Province of China, Turkey, the United States, and Yugoslavia (Regulation 3946/88).
	12/19/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties on imports of urea originating in Austria, Hungary, Malaysia, Romania, the United States, and Venezuela extended (Regulation 4018/88).
	12/19/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties on imports of certain video cassette recorders originating in Japan and the Republic of Korea extended (Regulation 4019/88).
	12/23/88	Tightening	Provisional antidumping duties imposed on imports of video cassettes and video tape reels originating in the Republic of Korea and Hong Kong (Regulation 4062/88).
Developing countries—fuel exporters
Bahrain	1/1/88	Tightening	Customs duties on alcoholic beverages and tobacco raised to 125 percent and 50 percent.
	3/1/88	Extension	Temporary 20 percent protective tariffs on imports of 11 locally manufactured goods extended for further 12 months through end of February 1989.
Indonesia	11/21/88	Tightening	Tariff rates on 72 products increased.
	11/21/88	Liberalization	Tariff rates on 86 products reduced.
Saudi Arabia	1/2/88	Tightening	Minimum customs tariff rate raised to 12 percent and the number of duty-free imports reduced.
	9/6/88	Liberalization	Exemption from customs duty granted to 44 items.
Developing countries—other
Argentina	3/25/88	Liberalization	Customs duties on petrochemical and iron and steel products reduced.
	4/18/88	Liberalization	Duties on a number of agrochemical products reduced.
	6/6/88	Liberalization	Customs duties eliminated on some agricultural machinery and equipment and set in range of 10–38 percent for others.
	10/21/88	Liberalization	Tariff band for most imports narrowed to 0–40 percent, maximum tariff rate reduced from 115 percent to 40 percent, and special surcharge on electronic goods reduced. Fifteen percent special import surcharge abolished.
Bolivia	4/1/88	Liberalization	Tariffs on capital goods reduced to 10 percent; tariffs on other goods to be reduced by 1 percentage point each quarter until tariff level unified at 10 percent by end-1990.
	12/29/88	Tightening	Planned reduction in tariffs on noncapital goods suspended.
Brazil	6/17/88	Liberalization	New tariff schedule introduced.
Burundi	4/1/88	Tightening	Tariffs on luxury goods introduced.
	10/6/88	Liberalization	Duty drawback procedures for exporters simplified.
Chile	1/5/88	Liberalization	Customs tariff rates reduced uniformly from 20 percent to 15 percent.
	5/13/88	Liberalization	Import duty drawback scheme extended.
	10/8/88	Tightening	Minimum customs reference prices established for certain imports.
	11/9/88	Tightening	Minimum customs reference prices established for certain imports.
China, People’s Republic of	2/2/88	Liberalization	Customs duties on imports of certain machine tool parts and components lowered from 12 percent to 9 percent.
	2/2/88	Tightening	Import duties on such items as air conditioners, refrigerators, washing machines, electronic music instruments, textile machinery, and complete machine tools raised.
	5/5/88	Liberalization	Customs duties on some 23 items, including intermediate products used in production of farm chemicals and unfinished precious stones lowered.
	7/1/88	Tightening	Customs duties on farm items and aluminum sheets, cans, and containers raised.
	9/9/88	Liberalization	Customs duties on ply layers for plywood reduced.
	9/9/88	Tightening	Customs duties on film, color television sets, and tape recorders raised.
	9/15/88	Tightening	Surcharge of 40 percent levied on imports by Beijing-based government organizations and businesses of such goods as automobiles, motorcycles, television sets, refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, and cameras.
Colombia	3/4/88	Liberalization	Tariff preferences granted to certain imports from Argentina.
	4/21/88	Liberalization	Import tariffs on capital goods reduced; tariff dispersion narrowed.
	5/19/88	Tightening	Surcharge levied on certain goods brought in by travelers.
	9/23/88	Liberalization	Import tariffs on capital goods reduced.
	10/3/88	Liberalization	Tariff preferences granted to certain imports from Uruguay.
Dominica	7/1/88	Liberalization	Customs service charge reduced.
Dominican Republic	2/8/88	Tightening	Reference exchange rate used for customs valuation purposes modified.
Egypt	3/21/88	Tightening	Exchange rate for customs valuation purposes to be officially determined periodically.
Gambia, The	7/1/88	Liberalization	Import tax of 6 percent of the c.i.f. value abolished.
Greece	1/1/88	Liberalization	Regulatory tax on imported goods reduced.
Hungary	4/1/88	Liberalization	Customs clearance and statistical fees reduced.
India	4/1/88	Liberalization	Import duties on 99 capital goods items reduced.
Jordan	8/13/88	Tightening	Import tariffs on certain products raised.
	8/13/88	Liberalization	Import tariffs on certain products reduced.
	8/13/88	Liberalization	Import tariffs on certain products exempted.
	11/6/88	Tightening	Import tariffs on certain products raised.
Korea	1/1/88	Liberalization	Tariff quotas for 356 items established by lowering their rates by average of 9.9 percentage points.
	2/24/88	Liberalization	Tariff quotas for 117 items established by lowering their rates by average of 7.5 percentage points.
	7/1/88	Liberalization	Tariff rates for 691 items reduced by average of 8.5 percentage points.
	11/22/88	Liberalization	Tariff rates for 1,071 items reduced by average of 6.4 percentage points.
Lesotho	8/12/88	Tightening	Zero percent to 60 percent surcharge system replaced by across-the-board 10 percent system.
Madagascar	1/1/88	Liberalization	Simplified eight-bracket tariff structure introduced. Temporary 30 percent surcharge introduced.
	4/1/88	Tightening	Minimum tariff rate raised to 5 percent for all imports, except those exempted in accordance with international treaties.
	7/1/88	Liberalization	Five percent import license application fees eliminated.
Malawi	4/1/88	Liberalization	Customs duty and import levy schedules combined into one tariff schedule, and taxes on luxury imports shifted from old duty schedule to surtax schedule, which applies to both imported and domestically produced manufactured goods.
Nicaragua	2/15/88	Liberalization	All exchange taxes on imports eliminated.
Singapore	4/1/88	Liberalization	Import duty on refrigerators eliminated.
South Africa	8/15/88	Tightening	Varying import surcharges ranging from 15 percent to 60 percent replaced uniform rate.
Sri Lanka	8/31/88	Tightening	Stamp duty on import letters of credit raised from 2 percent to 3 percent.
Sudan	10/1/88	Tightening	Defense tax on nonessential imports (that is, all imports except petroleum and petroleum products, wheat and wheat flour, pharmaceuticals, fertilizers, insecticides, and selected industrial inputs) raised from 5 percent to 10 percent.
Tanzania	7/1/88	Liberalization	Exemptions from customs tariffs reduced and rate structure simplified.
Thailand	5/31/88	Liberalization	Import duties on steel rods and billets reduced from 25 percent to 20 percent and 15 percent, respectively, to be effective until 12/15/88; duties reduced further on June 14 to 15 percent and 10 percent, respectively, also to be effective until 12/15/88.
Trinidad and Tobago	1/2/88	Tightening	Stamp duty rates on capital and consumer goods raised.
Turkey	1/1/88	Liberalization	Tariffs on imports from EC cut.
	1/16/88	Liberalization	Tariffs over 50 percent cut to 50 percent or less.
	1/16/88	Tightening	Number of items subject to premium payments raised from 577 to 787.
	7/23/88	Tightening	Surcharge raised from 4 percent to 8 percent.
	10/5/88	Tightening	Premium payments and stamp duties raised from 6 percent to 10 percent.
Zimbabwe	1/1/88	Liberalization	Basis of customs tariffs changed to c.i.f. value.
Advance Import Deposits
Developing countries—fuel exporters
Ecuador	2/23/88	Tightening	Rates and duration of advance import deposits raised.
	3/24/88	Liberalization	Advance import deposits on essential goods phased out.
	7/1/88	Tightening	Phasing-out of advance import deposits on essential goods suspended and rate raised.
	8/31/88	Tightening	Advance import deposits extended to public sector imports.
Developing countries—other
Bangladesh	7/1/88	Liberalization	Import letter of credit margin requirement of Bangladesh Bank eliminated.
	7/5/88	Liberalization	Advance foreign exchange deposit requirement of Bangladesh Bank eliminated.
El Salvador	2/1/88	Liberalization	Twenty percent guarantee deposit requirement abolished.
	2/1/88	Liberalization	Rate of advance import deposits lowered to 75 percent.
	6/1/88	Liberalization	Rate of advance import deposits lowered to 50 percent.
	9/1/88	Liberalization	Rate of advance import deposits lowered to 25 percent.
	12/31/88	Liberalization	Advance import deposit requirements abolished.
Israel	1/1/88	Liberalization	Import deposit requirement eliminated.
Madagascar	2/1/88	Tightening	Prior import deposits for import of raw materials and spare parts introduced.
	5/10/88	Liberalization	Prior import deposits for import of raw materials and spare parts eliminated.
Turkey	2/4/88	Tightening	Guarantee deposit rate raised from 7 percent to 15 percent.
	5/1/88	Liberalization	Guarantee deposit rate reduced from 15 percent to 7 percent.
	10/5/88	Tightening	Advance deposit rate raised from 7 percent to 15 percent.
Yemen Arab Republic	1/9/88	Liberalization	Margin deposits reduced from a range of 40–100 percent to a range of 25–50 percent.
*Other Import Measures*
Industrial countries
Australia	9/1/88	Liberalization	Antidumping procedures amended.
Italy	1/20/88	Liberalization	Compulsory foreign financing of advance import payments abolished.
	8/20/88	Liberalization	Some 80 items originating in state trading countries subject to import quotas permitted to be marketed without restriction.
Japan	4/22/88	Liberalization	Cooperative research between Japanese users and U.S. makers of semiconductors and microchips agreed.
United States	8/23/88	Tightening	Three-year ban on sale of goods manufactured by Toshiba Company of Japan imposed.
	11/15/88	Liberalization	Controls on shipments to Finland of certain products intended for re-export from Finland to China removed.
	12/21/88	Liberalization	MFN status for China renewed (53 FR 51217) renewed.
	12/29/88	Liberalization	Mexico reinstated as eligible to export beef, mutton, pork, and goat products to the United States.
EEC countries
	1/1/88	Tightening	Certain petroleum products refined in Turkey subjected to Community import surveillance (Council Regulation (EEC) 4175/87, 12/21/87).
	1/1/88	Tightening	Imports of certain cotton and wool textile products originating in Malta subjected to ceiling and Community import surveillance (Council Regulation (EEC) 4166/87, 12/21/87).
	1/1/88	Tightening	Imports of goods falling under the ECSC Treaty originating in Yugoslavia (that is, certain iron and steel products) subjected to ceiling and Community import surveillance (87/612/ECSC).
	7/1/88	Tightening	Imports of dessert apples originating in New Zealand subjected to licensing (Regulation No. 1934/88).
Developing countries—fuel exporters
Bahrain	1/1/88	Tightening	Government procurements required to give preference to goods produced in Bahrain or within Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member countries if prices of these goods are within specified margins of the prices of imported substitutes.
Ecuador	8/31/88	Tightening	Surrender requirement period for export proceeds shortened.
Mexico	4/1/88	Tightening	Advance payment for imports exceeding $10,000 restricted to 20 percent of import value.
Saudi Arabia	11/21/88	Liberalization	Import eligibility for some 301 products relaxed.
Trinidad and Tobago	1/2/88	Liberalization	Foreign exchange (trade certificates) allocation system made more flexible.
Developing countries—other
Barbados	3/17/88	Tightening	Certain vegetable oils subjected to import licensing requirements.
	3/17/88	Liberalization	Import licensing requirements for soybean oil, coconut oil, and corn oil abolished.
	4/12/88	Tightening	Gift wrapping papers subjected to import licensing requirements.
Botswana	3/21/88	Liberalization	Limit up to which exchange control formalities not required in respect of payment for imports increased.
Brazil	5/25/88	Liberalization	Minimum financing requirements liberalized.
	7/22/88	Liberalization	Reference prices for imports and minimum import values abolished.
	11/30/88	Liberalization	Minimum financing requirements liberalized.
Burundi	4/1/88	Liberalization	Ceiling on import licenses commercial banks are authorized to approve raised.
Chile	6/22/88	Liberalization	Imports valued at less than $5,000 exempted from 120-day minimum financing requirement.
	12/31/88	Liberalization	Imports valued at less than $20,000 exempted from 120-day minimum financing requirement.
Colombia	3/3/88	Liberalization	Lists of goods freely importable and subject to prior licensing modified.
Fiji	4/1/88	Tightening	Authorized banks permitted to approve advance import payments only up to F$2,000.
Gambia, The	7/1/88	Liberalization	Imports subject to a national sales tax of 10 percent.
Guyana	6/1/88	Liberalization	Import licensing requirements for “no-foreign currency” imports for personal use abolished.
	9/1/88	Liberalization	Import licenses for “no-foreign currency” imports granted automatically.
	10/1/88	Liberalization	Import licensing requirements for goods originating from Caribbean Common Market (Caricom) countries abolished.
Honduras	8/1/88	Liberalization	Limit on amount of foreign exchange commercial banks allowed to provide against CETRAs raised.
	9/1/88	Liberalization	Commercial banks allowed to intermediate sale of CETRAs.
	11/10/88	Tightening	Limit on amount of foreign exchange commercial banks allowed to provide against CETRAs reduced.
	11/10/88	Tightening	Waiting period for granting authorization for self-financed imports introduced.
Israel	7/1/88	Liberalization	Commercial banks allowed to finance imports of equipment from funds available in foreign currency deposits of nonresidents.
Korea	1/1/88	Liberalization	Eight items removed from import surveillance list.
Madagascar	9/1/88	Liberalization	Preferential treatment for basic import needs of exporting firms introduced.
Malawi	2/1/88	Liberalization	Procedure for allocating foreign exchange for about 25 percent of imports of nonpetroleum raw materials and spare parts liberalized.
	8/8/88	Liberalization	Procedure for allocating foreign exchange for additional 50 percent of imports of nonpetroleum raw materials and spare parts liberalized.
	9/22/88	Liberalization	Wheat flour, cement, and pencils removed from items requiring specific import licenses.
Maldives	4/1/88	Liberalization	Number of licensed importers increased.
Mauritania	6/1/88	Liberalization	Import licensing requirement for small enterprises replaced by foreign exchange authorization by Central Bank.
Mauritius	2/22/88	Liberalization	Customs administration reform and international standardization of goods classification introduced.
	7/1/88	Liberalization	Limit on import payments requiring prior approval eliminated for most imports.
Morocco	2/29/88	Liberalization	Payment period for imports lengthened from a maximum of 12 months to 24 months.
	5/4/88	Liberalization	Imports without payment exempted from a visa requirement from the Exchange Office.
Peru	9/17/88	Tightening	Sale of foreign exchange in advance for payment of imports with external financing prohibited.
Philippines	4/25/88	Liberalization	Prior approval requirement for some 129 products abolished.
	11/10/88	Liberalization	Minimum repayment terms for OA/DA imports reduced.
	12/22/88	Liberalization	Prior approval requirement for some 94 products abolished.
Poland	5/10/88	Liberalization	Targeted auctions introduced to broaden the scope for noncentral financing of imports; retention rates under ROD system began to be simplified and scope for use of foreign exchange retained under ROD accounts broadened.
Sri Lanka	7/11/88	Liberalization	Licensing requirements for imports of machinery for plastics and automatic filling and packing industry abolished.
	8/5/88	Liberalization	Letters of credit for imports of maize permitted to be established.
Sudan	10/25/88	Tightening	Some categories of imports transacted in the official market.
	12/1/88	Liberalization	Twenty-two categories made eligible to import using either commercial bank market resources or own resources.
	7/1/88	Liberalization	System of import licensing simplified.
Thailand	1/6/88	Liberalization	Imports of kraft paper and corrugated paperboard permitted.
	1/8/88	Liberalization	Imports of soybean oil permitted 3/31/88.
	3/4/88	Liberalization	Imports of 5,000 tons of palm oil permitted.
	3/15/88	Liberalization	Credit card holders in Thailand permitted to use credit cards abroad for import payments by submitting an application prior to their departure.
	5/24/88	Liberalization	Imports of steel rods permitted.
	6/7/88	Liberalization	Imports of sodium borate, sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, sodium pyborate, borax, boric acid, boraid acid, orthoborid acid, and borofax permitted.
	8/31/88	Tightening	Proportion of required local purchases to imports of silk warp increased from 4 percent to 5 percent.
Uruguay	11/9/88	Liberalization	Import procedures for fruits and vegetables simplified.
Western Samoa	12/1/88	Liberalization	Central bank approval requirement abolished for a number of products.
Yemen Arab Republic	1/1/88	Liberalization	Nonpetroleum exporters allowed to use 100 percent (instead of 50 percent) of export earnings to finance imports.
Zaïre	5/31/88	Tightening	Prior permission required for “imports without foreign exchange.”
*Exports and Export Proceeds*
Quantitative Restrictions and Controls on Exports
Industrial countries
Australia	1/1/88	Liberalization	Controls on exports of petroleum and petroleum products lifted.
	6/14/88	Liberalization	Controls on exports of defense-related goods relaxed.
Japan	4/1/88	Extention	Voluntary restraints on exports of passenger cars to the United States extended.
	7/20/88	Liberalization	Voluntary quota on exports of passenger cars and trucks to the EC increased by 3.5 percent.
	8/1/88	Tightening	Voluntary restraints introduced on exports of passenger cars and trucks to Sweden.
	12/3/88	Liberalization	Sixteen items added to list of products allowed to be exported to China.
New Zealand	9/16/88	Tightening	New Zealand agreed to limit beef exports to the United States in 1988.
Developing countries—fuel exporters
Indonesia	7/1/88	Tightening	Exports of semiprocessed rattan prohibited.
	9/20/88	Tightening	Exports of chipwood and low-price sawn timber prohibited.
Nigeria	1/29/88	Liberalization	Exports of refined petroleum products to West African countries permitted.
Developing countries—other
China, People’s Republic of	12/20/88	Tightening	Effective 1/1/89, exports of copper, copper-based alloys, aluminum and aluminum-based alloys, platinum, yellow phosphorous and nickel and nickel-based alloys, rubber, certain chemicals, and metal products prohibited.
India	4/1/88	Liberalization	Number of products subject to export controls reduced to 172.
Madagascar	1/18/88	Liberalization	(1) Exports of pepper and cloves by private sector exporters allowed; (2) export card and export declaration requirements abolished; and (3) domestic trade in export crops fully liberalized.
	6/2/88	Liberalization	Exports of coffee by private sector exporters allowed for the period 5/88–5/89.
	9/1/88	Liberalization	(1) Exports of all agricultural products, with the exception of vanilla, allowed at prices negotiated freely between exporters and foreign buyers; (2) all administrative controls on quality of export goods, except for the following four products, eliminated: vanilla, coffee, shellfish, and meat; and (3) certificate of quality required for cloves exports until end-December 1988.
Pakistan	7/1/88	Liberalization	Controls on private sector exports of cotton and Basmati rice liberalized.
	7/5/88	Liberalization	Limits on export of trade samples raised.
Thailand	1/1/88	Extension	Quota allocations for thread, cloth, and garments changed.
	7/21/88	Tightening	Exports of luggage made of silk blend and noncotton vegetable fiber subjected to approval.
	7/26/88	Liberalization	Coffee exports unfilled under 1987/88 quotas permitted during 10/88–9/89. Exporters owing these quotas required to deposit B 10,000 for each ton not yet exported, with deposits being redeemable when requirement is fulfilled.
*Export Licensing*
Industrial countries
United States	3/10/88	Liberalization	Licensing controls on exports of certain jig grinders removed.
Developing countries—other
Brazil	5/19/88	Liberalization	Prior control on exports of some products eliminated.
China, People’s Republic of	7/1/88	Liberalization	Export licensing requirement on some items abolished.
Paraguay	3/9/88	Liberalization	System of “one-stop” export approval (ventanilla unica) established.
Poland	7/1/88	Liberalization	System of export licensing simplified.
Sri Lanka	1/1/88	Liberalization	Export licensing requirement for coconuts and coconut products abolished.
	1/14/88	Liberalization	Export licensing requirement for rubber abolished.
Togo	3/14/88	Liberalization	Export licensing requirement for domestically produced manufactured goods abolished.
*Fiscal and Other Incentives*
Developing countries—other
Bangladesh	7/1/88	Extension	Export policy order 1988/89 extended export incentives.
	7/1/88	Extension	Export Performance Benefit Scheme extended.
	9/5/88	Extension	Export Performance Benefit Scheme extended.
Greece	1/1/88	Liberalization	Certain export subsidies reduced.
	1/1/88	Liberalization	Certain export subsidies eliminated.
Honduras	6/23/88	Liberalization	Coverage of CETRAs expanded.
	8/20/88	Liberalization	Percentage of proportion of CETRAs issued for nontraditional exports increased.
Hungary	1/1/88	Liberalization	Tax refund on exports settled in convertible currencies terminated.
India	4/1/88	Liberalization	Exporters of computer software made eligible for issues of blanket foreign exchange permits for export promotion purposes.
	4/1/88	Liberalization	Access to exporters of fiscal and other incentives related to the cost of imported inputs extended.
Nepal	1/1/88	Liberalization	Bonded warehouse facility and duty drawback system for garment industry expanded.
Nicaragua	2/15/88	Liberalization	Guaranteed producer prices for traditional export products eliminated.
Peru	2/24/88	Liberalization	Foreign exchange earnings from exports of textiles made of cotton, wool, and alpaca permitted to be exchanged into bank certificates denominated in foreign exchange.
	4/28/88	Tightening	Tax credit certificates for nontraditional exports (CERTEX) to be denominated in domestic currency but to be adjusted by no less than changes in the controlled exchange rate (MUC) rate.
	6/17/88	Liberalization	Exporters of traditional mining and fish products to receive Foreign Exchange Certificates (CLDs) equivalent to 10 percent of f.o.b. value of exports. Certificates may be used by exporter for payment of imports of inputs, spare parts, and capital equipment, or be transferred to other export enterprises; if not used within 90 calendar days, CLDs would be redeemed at exchange rate prevailing at the issuing date.
	7/23/88	Liberalization	All exporters to receive CLDs for the equivalent of 10 percent of their foreign exchange earnings.
	11/22/88	Liberalization	All exporters to receive CLDs for the equivalent of 30 percent of their export earnings.
	11/22/88	Tightening	Export earnings subject to taxes of 10 percent or 3 percent.
Poland	1/1/88	Liberalization	Export subsidy system simplified to provide for uniform subsidy rates of 20 percent for agricultural exports to the nonruble area and 50 percent for those to the ruble area.
	7/1/88	Liberalization	Export subsidy system further simplified to provide for uniform rates of subsidies (ranging from 5 percent to 25 percent) for nonagricultural exports to the nonruble area.
Thailand	4/8/88	Liberalization	Export bonus ratio changed from 1:1 to 1.3:1 for exports of tapioca products to non-EC and EC member countries.
	5/31/88	Extension	Reduction of business tax on tin and tin ore exports to 1 percent of gross receipts extended for another year.
Turkey	3/1/88	Tightening	Incentives for early surrender of foreign exchange earnings introduced.
	4/5/88	Liberalization	Gradual elimination of tax rebate system announced.
	7/1/88	Liberalization	Export subsidy system further simplified to provide for uniform rates of subsidies (ranging from 5 percent to 25 percent) for nonagricultural exports to the nonruble area.
	7/26/88	Tightening	Number of goods eligible for support premia increased.
	10/5/88	Tightening	Minimum export requirements for income tax deductions raised.
*Export Taxation*
Developing countries—other
Brazil	2/10/88	Tightening	Export earnings subjected to corporate income tax.
	2/11/88	Liberalization	Export tax on some exports to the United States abolished.
China, People’s Republic of	7/8/88	Tightening	Export duties introduced on copper and aluminum and a number of products made from these materials.
	9/20/88	Tightening	Export taxes levied on phosphorous, some petrochemicals, iron, lead, and zinc.
	10/26/88	Tightening	Export duties on raw silk and some silk products raised.
Dominican Republic	1/26/88	Tightening	Graduated tax rates applied to coffee exports.
Paraguay	2/8/88	Tightening	Tax of $15 a bag levied on coffee in transit.
Thailand	7/19/88	Liberalization	Export fee on frozen duck reduced.
*Special Credit Facilities*
Developing countries—other
Argentina	6/3/88	Tightening	Export prefinancing and financing regimes revised to increase incentives to obtain external finance and to impose stricter control on use of export finance.
Thailand	4/11/88	Tightening	Promissory notes issued by sugarcane exporters to be temporarily refinanced by the Bank of Thailand in specified proportions.
	5/27/88	Tightening	Promissory notes issued by rice exporters to be temporarily refinanced by the Bank of Thailand in specified proportions.
Turkey	4/5/88	Tightening	Gradual introduction of two subsidized credit facilities for exporters announced.
*Other Incentives*
Industrial countries
Italy	1/20/88	Liberalization	Foreign currency financing requirement for deferred export settlement abolished.
United States	7/15/88	Liberalization	Agreement reached with Japan on phasing-out of Japan’s import quotas on beef (in three years) and on oranges and orange juice (in four years).
	8/12/88	Liberalization	Agreement reached with Japan on Japan’s import quotas on 11 categories of processed food products (to become effective on 4/1/90).
Developing countries—fuel exporters
Syrian Arab Republic	1/28/88	Liberalization	Public sector enterprises permitted to retain export proceeds.
	10/31/88	Liberalization	Conversion rate used for surrender requirement changed to promotion rate.
Developing countries—other
Chile	4/9/88	Liberalization	Repatriation period for export proceeds held as swaps or foreign exchange deposits in the domestic banking system extended.
Jordan	11/27/88	Liberalization	Exporters allowed to retain 50 percent of proceeds and use them for imports of inputs.
Madagascar	1/18/88	Liberalization	Maximum period for repatriation of foreign exchange changed to 90 days from the date of shipment of goods.
Morocco	3/23/88	Liberalization	Delays in certain export payments permitted without the authorization of the Exchange Office.
	3/28/88	Liberalization	Export commissions up to a maximum of 5 percent became transferable without the approval of the Exchange Office.
Mozambique	1/1/88	Liberalization	Range of retention for traditional exports reduced from 30–100 percent to 30–70 percent.
	7/27/88	Liberalization	Maximum export commissions not requiring the approval of the Exchange Office raised from 5 percent to 10 percent.
Nicaragua	2/15/88	Liberalization	All differential surrender requirements for the proceeds from nontraditional exports (except industrial exports) eliminated.
Pakistan	7/1/88	Liberalization	Certain minimum export prices abolished.
Paraguay	2/8/88	Tightening	Merchandise in transit subjected to registration at the Central Bank.
	3/7/88	Liberalization	Surrender price for cotton reduced from $950 to $600 per ton.
	7/28/88	Liberalization	Surrender price for beef reduced from 22 to 10 percent of actual world prices.
	11/17/88	Liberalization	Surrender price for a variety of nontraditional export products reduced to 10 percent of actual world prices.
Sri Lanka	1/27/88	Liberalization	Minimum export prices for spices and allied products abolished.
Sudan	10/25/88	Liberalization	All export proceeds to be distributed between official market and commercial bank market in the proportion of 70 percent and 30 percent, respectively.
	10/31/88	Liberalization	Minimum export prices abolished except for certain basic export commodities.
Thailand	4/22/88	Liberalization	Exports of maize, grain sorghum, green beans, kapok, wool, salt, and castor seed liberalized by permitting members of Thai Maize and Produce Traders Association to export.
	6/23/88	Extension	The bonus quota of tapioca exports to EC countries from 9/23/88 to 12/31/88 set at 500,000 tons.
Zaïre	9/1/88	Introduction	Gold exporters allowed to retain 30 percent of their foreign exchange receipts.
*State Trading*
Developing countries—other
Bangladesh	7/19/88	Tightening	Barter protocol signed with China.
China, People’s Republic of	3/13/88	Liberalization	Control over Foreign Trade Corporations decentralized. Additional enterprises given the right to engage directly in foreign trade.
	3/13/88	Liberalization	Foreign exchange retention quotas for enterprises in several industrial sectors (light industry, arts and crafts, clothing, and machinery) and in some regions (Hainan Island and special economic zones) liberalized.
India	4/1/88	Liberalization	A total of 26 items allowed to be imported by private sector.
Mali	10/31/88	Liberalization	Somiex abolished.
Togo	6/30/88	Liberalization	Import Monopoly of Société Nationale de Commerce (Sonacom) for rice sugar, alcohol, cigarettes, tobacco products, and milk abolished.
*Current Invisibles*
Foreign Exchange Allocations for Travel, Medical Expenses, or Studying Abroad
Industrial countries
Italy	6/13/88	Liberalization	Payments for travel abroad liberalized as follows: (1) unlimited use of credit cards; (2) Italian bank notes up to Lit 1 million; (3) foreign exchange and external lire without limit but subject to certain conditions; and (4) checks drawn on domestic lire accounts without limit but subject to certain conditions.
Developing countries—fuel exporters
Tunisia	6/15/88	Liberalization	Authorized banks allowed to supply foreign exchange for official travel.
Developing countries—other
Barbados	11/10/88	Liberalization	Foreign exchange travel allowance for tourist and business travel and for education allowance abroad increased.
Brazil	9/9/88	Tightening	Limits on exchange allowances for travel to Central and South America reduced.
	9/28/88	Liberalization	Limits on exchange allowances for travel to Central and South America increased.
	12/1/88	Liberalization	Limits on exchange allowances for travel to all destinations increased.
Botswana	3/21/88	Liberalization	Basic travel allowances (other than vacation) increased.
	3/21/88	Liberalization	Basic overseas study and vacation travel allowances increased.
	3/21/88	Liberalization	Amount of unutilized foreign currency travel allowances resident may retain for future travel requirements increased.
	3/21/88	Liberalization	Commercial banks authorized to provide unlimited amounts to meet medical expenses abroad, subject to certain conditions.
Chile	3/16/88	Tightening	Eighty percent of travel allowances for trips to neighboring countries to be allocated in nontransferable money orders.
Greece	1/1/88	Liberalization	Allowance for travel to EC countries increased.
	6/22/88	Liberalization	Allowance for travel abroad increased.
Guinea	1/2/88	Liberalization	Foreign exchange allocation for tourist travel increased.
Hungary	1/1/88	Liberalization	Additional travel allowances granted to persons who have exhausted three-year allowance.
	1/1/88	Liberalization	Regulations on allowances for travel to Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) countries liberalized.
	7/19/88	Liberalization	Travel allowance for adults and children and allowance for purchase of railway tickets and fuel increased.
India	4/11/88	Liberalization	Surrender period for foreign exchange brought back to India by a resident returning from abroad increased to a maximum of 90 days.
Jamaica	8/8/88	Liberalization	Annual allowance for nonbusiness travel increased.
Korea	11/1/88	Liberalization	Automatic purchase of up to $5,000 of foreign exchange by residents, in addition to $5,000 travel allocation authorized (amounts beyond these limits available for bona fide travel).
Madagascar	7/1/88	Liberalization	Foreign exchange allowance for business travel increased to $100 a person a day, subject to a maximum of $1,500 a trip and a limit of two trips a year.
Malta	1/1/88	Tightening	Annual travel allowances reduced.
Mauritius	7/1/88	Liberalization	Credit cards allowed to pay for travel expenses under certain conditions.
Morocco	1/26/88	Liberalization	Regulations liberalizing the purchase of and reimbursement for tickets for foreign travel introduced.
Pakistan	4/21/88	Liberalization	Allowances for study abroad increased.
	5/4/88	Liberalization	Use of credit cards permitted for business travel.
	7/21/88	Liberalization	Allowances for private travel to Bangladesh increased.
	8/31/88	Liberalization	Business travelers allowed to settle credit card bills by encashing foreign exchange bearer certificates (FEBCs).
Papua New Guinea	1/5/88	Liberalization	Foreign exchange allocation for tourist and business travel doubled.
Peru	3/10/88	Tightening	Sales of tickets for travel abroad on credit suspended.
	10/31/88	Liberalization	Payments authorization requirement abolished.
Poland	12/1/88	Liberalization	Resident travelers allowed to take $500 out of country without official permission.
Sri Lanka	3/16/88	Liberalization	Air tickets permitted to be purchased by nationals even if basic passage entitlements already utilized.
	5/16/88	Liberalization	Passage tickets may be issued for travel abroad to nonnationals with payment in foreign currency.
	9/28/88	Liberalization	Basic and business travel allowances increased.
Western Samoa	12/1/88	Liberalization	Limits on foreign exchange allowances for travel increased.
Yemen Arab Republic	1/9/88	Liberalization	Limits on sales of foreign exchange to travelers raised.
	1/9/88	Liberalization	Limits on sales of foreign exchange for medical treatment abroad raised.
	1/15/88	Liberalization	Requirement that visitors must convert a specified amount of foreign exchange upon arrival abolished.
Zambia	10/17/88	Liberalization	Allowance for business travel increased.
*Outward Transfers or Payments for Services Rendered by Nonresidents*
Developing countries—other
Botswana	3/21/88	Liberalization	Limit up to which authorized dealers may approve payments of dividends and branch or partnership profits to nonresident directors and companies increased.
	3/21/88	Liberalization	Basic terminal allowance of a departing temporary resident increased.
Chile	5/17/88	Liberalization	Premia of up to $50,000 for insurance contracted in Chile allowed to be paid without prior authorization of the Central Bank.
Dominica	7/1/88	Liberalization	Tax on sales of foreign exchange for invisibles payments abolished.
Fiji	7/18/88	Tightening	Transfers of rent abroad made subject to Reserve Bank approval.
Guinea	1/2/88	Liberalization	Transfers abroad of salaries by expatriate workers authorized up to a limit of 50 percent of base earnings.
Jamaica	8/8/88	Liberalization	Annual allowances for remittances from emigrant property income, for family maintenance, and cash gifts increased.
Korea	11/1/88	Liberalization	Limit on overseas remittances abroad for weddings and funerals increased to $2,000. Expenditures by businesses for commissions, payments to foreign experts, and operations abroad liberalized.
Mauritius	7/1/88	Liberalization	Commercial banks authorized to provide foreign exchange for invisibles payments relating to all imports.
Morocco	2/17/88	Liberalization	Moroccan enterprises allowed to settle expenses of nonresident foreigners in dirhams.
Pakistan	10/23/88	Liberalization	Commission to foreign importers increased.
Peru	8/7/88	Tightening	Prohibition of profit remittances abroad and private external debt servicing extended until end-1988.
*Import and Export of Foreign and Domestic Currency Notes, and Holdings of Foreign Currency Domestically*
Industrial countries
Iceland	6/1/88	Liberalization	Amount of domestic bank notes residents and nonresidents take out and bring in increased to ISK 14,000.
Italy	4/14/88	Liberalization	Limit on Italian bank note imports abolished.
	6/13/88	Liberalization	Italian residents allowed to export Lit 1 million in Italian bank notes.
Developing countries—other
Botswana	3/21/88	Liberalization	Amount of Botswana currency notes and coins that may be exported by a traveler increased.
	3/21/88	Liberalization	Amount of foreign currency bank notes and coins that may be exported by a traveler increased.
	3/21/88	Liberalization	Amount in foreign exchange facilities that may be issued to nonresident travelers in exchange for pula notes increased.
Korea	3/25/88	Liberalization	Residents permitted to retain up to $5,000 in foreign currency.
	3/26/88	Tightening	Nonresidents prohibited from converting more than $20,000 of foreign currency into won on each visit.
	9/1/88	Tightening	Limit on conversion of foreign exchange to won by nonresidents lowered to $10,000 per visit.
	11/1/88	Liberalization	Limit on export of Korean currency notes raised to W 2 million.
Morocco	3/8/88	Liberalization	Visitors entitled to bring in foreign currency without limit and to repurchase foreign currency with dirhams.
	3/10/88	Liberalization	Exporters entitled to bring in foreign bank notes without declaring them at customs.
	1/28/88	Liberalization	Customs declarations no longer required for the importation of foreign exchange by Moroccans.
	3/21/88	Liberalization	Foreign currency accounts permitted to be credited without foreign bank notes customs declaration.
Western Samoa	12/1/88	Liberalization	Limit on export of foreign currency by travelers increased.
Zambia	5/19/88	Tightening	Foreign exchange received by authorized dealers required to be sold to Bank of Zambia.
*Capital Controls*
*Commercial Banks’ International Transactions*
Industrial countries
Italy	10/1/88	Liberalization	Commercial banks’ activity in foreign exchange liberalized as follows: (1) banks no longer required to balance their foreign exchange position daily against the lira, and allowed to keep unbalanced position not exceeding 5 percent of their total foreign currency assets as of December 1987; (2) the ceiling on forward operations against lire with spot cover increased by 50 percent for each authorized bank; (3) banks allowed to provide forward cover to residents also in respect of financial transactions; (4) banks allowed to write currency options, subject to certain prudential requirements; (5) banks free to extend loans in foreign currency to residents; and (6) banks allowed to lend lire to nonresidents to extend lira loans abroad up to the amount of lira deposits received from nonresidents.
Japan	3/22/88	Liberalization	Spot option trading abroad by certain financial institutions allowed.
Developing countries—fuel exporters
Indonesia	10/27/88	Liberalization	Reserve requirement ratio for foreign currency deposits reduced.
Developing countries—other
Egypt	2/14/88	Liberalization	Commercial banks allowed to use up to 10 percent of foreign exchange receipts a month to settle private debt service obligations falling due after 2/11/88.
Malaysia	9/12/88	Tightening	Limit of M$5 million a transaction imposed on swap arrangements.
Morocco	8/2/88	Liberalization	Banks permitted to repurchase foreign exchange from the Bank Al-Maghrib under certain circumstances.
Netherlands Antilles	4/1/88	Tightening	Maximum net foreign assets position of commercial banks as a percentage of domestic assets reduced.
Panama	3/4/88	Tightening	A bank holiday declared.
	3/22/88	Liberalization	All general license banks with significant offshore operations permitted to request additional international license to continue their offshore operations during bank holiday.
	3/22/88	Liberalization	Checks and money orders drawn against demand deposits (at general license banks) payable to the National Treasury permitted to be cashed without restriction.
	4/18/88	Liberalization	All general license banks allowed to reopen, but only to receive deposits.
	5/9/88	Liberalization	All general license banks allowed to resume all normal banking activities with the following restrictions: withdrawals permitted up to 25 percent of the balance as of 3/3/88, with a maximum of B 10,000; withdrawals from savings deposits limited to a maximum of B 50 a month; and time deposits frozen.
	7/7/88	Liberalization	Demand deposits permitted to be withdrawn up to 40 percent of the balance as of 3/3/88, with a maximum of B 20,000.
	7/18/88	Liberalization	Demand deposits permitted to be withdrawn up to 50 percent of the balance as of 3/3/88, with a maximum of B 50,000.
	8/15/88	Liberalization	Restrictions on 50 percent of interbank deposit balances removed.
	1/1/89	Liberalization	All restrictions on demand deposit withdrawals abolished.
Sri Lanka	5/5/88	Liberalization	Authorized dealers permitted to purchase foreign currency in amounts up to £1,000 or its equivalent without permit.
Thailand	5/6/88	Liberalization	Authorized banks permitted to accept foreign notes and coins up to equivalent of $5,000 for deposit in a foreign currency account in favor of a person in transit or a person entering Thailand temporarily.
	6/9/88	Liberalization	Authorized banks permitted to export foreign notes in surplus of normal banking operations for deposit abroad without Bank of Thailand approval.
Turkey	2/9/88	Tightening	Transfer requirement on foreign exchange holdings raised.
Zaïre	2/19/88	Tightening	Ceilings placed on banks’ net foreign asset positions.
Zambia	2/19/88	Tightening	Ceilings placed on banks’ net foreign asset positions.
*Nonresidents’ Accounts and Residents’ Foreign Exchange Accounts*
Industrial countries
France	6/1/88	Liberalization	(1) All remaining restrictions on foreign borrowing by French enterprises, previously subject to authorization for amounts exceeding F 50 million, abolished; and (2) ceiling on amount of foreign currency that French companies with international operations may hold abroad removed.
Italy	1/20/88	Liberalization	Maximum holding periods for funds credited to foreign exchange accounts lengthened.
	10/1/88	Liberalization	Nonbank residents not required to have authorization to acquire assets and liabilities abroad, with certain exceptions, provided transactions conducted through banks authorized by the Bank of Italy to deal in foreign exchange and foreign securities acquired abroad kept in deposit with banks.
Japan	1/29/88	Liberalization	Issuance of commercial papers by nonresidents in Japanese markets allowed.
Spain	5/10/88	Liberalization	Exporters allowed to maintain foreign exchange accounts credited with 25 percent of export proceeds.
Developing countries—fuel exporters
Syrian Arab Republic	10/30/88	Liberalization	Fifty percent of funds held in accounts of embassies and international organizations permitted to be converted at promotion rate.
Tunisia	8/18/88	Liberalization	International trading companies allowed to operate nonresident foreign accounts in convertible dinar and convertible currencies.
Developing countries—other
Botswana	3/21/99	Liberalization	Limit up to which authorized dealers may approve emigration allowances for permanent residents increased.
Dominican Republic	5/12/88	Liberalization	Commercial banks permitted to offer time and savings deposits with minimum balances and interest rate limits.
	5/13/88	Tightening	Exchange deposit accounts abolished.
	5/20/88	Liberalization	Accounts denominated in U.S. dollars permitted to be opened in mortgage banks and savings and loan associations.
Fiji	9/1/88	Liberalization	Controls on transfers of emigrant funds liberalized.
Guinea	1/2/88	Liberalization	Residents and nonresidents permitted to open accounts in convertible Guinean francs.
Hungary	1/1/88	Liberalization	Limit on income in convertible currencies earned by residents from specified activities that can be deposited in foreign currency accounts increased.
	1/1/88	Liberalization	Interest earnings on foreign currency accounts permitted.
	3/31/88	Liberalization	Three-month time period requirement during which residents must declare convertible currency holdings originating from unspecified sources abolished.
Israel	2/4/88	Tightening	Immigrants allowed to hold assets abroad and maintain free foreign currency accounts in Israel for 30 years.
	2/4/88	Liberalization	Immigrants and returning Israelis allowed to bring back foreign currency into unrestricted accounts after 12 months or more after initial conversion.
Jordan	6/6/88	Tightening	Commercial banks prohibited from extending dinar loans against foreign currency deposits.
	7/2/88	Liberalization	Jordanian nationals working abroad allowed to maintain deposits in foreign currencies without limit and use balances without restrictions.
Korea	3/25/88	Liberalization	Foreign exchange allowances for emigrants raised to $200,000 a household or $300,000 for emigration for business purposes.
Lesotho	8/12/88	Tightening	Transfers of earnings on blocked accounts of emigrants limited to M 300,000 a year.
Mauritania	9/1/88	Liberalization	Convertible accounts permitted to be credited with 15 percent of export proceeds repatriated by the fisheries sector.
Mauritius	7/1/88	Liberalization	Emigrant allowance increased.
Morocco	5/2/88	Liberalization	Nonresident Moroccans permitted to open and maintain convertible dirham accounts.
Peru	9/23/88	Liberalization	Central Reserve Bank permitted to authorize opening and maintenance of deposits in foreign exchange.
	9/29/88	Liberalization	Financial system authorized to receive and maintain checking and time deposits in foreign exchange. Deposits to be exempted from reserve requirements. Financial system would not extend credit based on these accounts, but may sell foreign exchange for tourism abroad and “own-funds” imports.
Poland	7/1/88	Liberalization	Declaration requirement for sources of funds for accounts “A” abolished.
Portugal	11/30/88	Liberalization	Regulations on nonresident demand accounts in escudos liberalized.
Somalia	8/7/88	Liberalization	Holders of foreign exchange accounts allowed to trade in foreign exchange at rates negotiated freely among them.
South Africa	2/23/88	Liberalization	Authorized dealers permitted to release to immigrants through financial rand medium assets of up to R 100,000 a family during first three years of residence.
	8/15/88	Tightening	Transfer abroad of income earned by emigrants through medium of commercial rand limited to R 300,000 a calendar year and excess amount to be credited to financial rand account.
Sri Lanka	5/5/88	Liberalization	Authorized dealers permitted to open and maintain nonresident foreign currency accounts for Sri Lankan nationals employed abroad and for nonnationals of Sri Lankan origin resident abroad.
Zaïre	6/3/88	Liberalization	Eligibility limitations for foreign exchange accounts liberalized.
Portfolio Investment
Industrial countries
Denmark	10/1/88	Liberalization	All restrictions on inward and outward capital transfers abolished.
Finland	8/1/88	Liberalization	(1) Ceiling on direct investment, purchases of foreign securities, and real estate raised to Fmk 0.3 million; and (2) nonfinancial enterprises no longer required permission for direct investment abroad.
Iceland	3/10/88	Tightening	Tax rates on foreign borrowing raised.
	5/20/88	Liberalization	Basis of borrowing for capital goods imports changed from contract to f.o.b. import value.
Norway	12/5/88	Liberalization	Restrictions on long-term foreign borrowing by commercial enterprises liberalized.
Spain	6/14/88	Tightening	Minimum maturity period of foreign currency borrowing not subject to authorization raised from one to three years.
Sweden	2/12/88	Liberalization	Restrictions on sales of shares to foreigners lifted.
Developing countries—other
Botswana	3/21/88	Liberalization	Initial tranche of local financial support that a non-resident-controlled business entity may borrow in Botswana increased.
	3/21/88	Tightening	Parastatals advised that they should not borrow from outside Botswana unless equivalent facilities not available domestically.
Brazil	7/28/88	Introduction	Regulations on foreign capital participation in mutual funds introduced.
Chile	3/8/88	Liberalization	Mortgage debtors allowed to engage in debt conversions under Article XVIII of Foreign Exchange Laws.
Greece	11/23/88	Liberalization	Residents allowed to purchase securities issued by EC or European Investment Bank within limit.
Israel	9/15/88	Liberalization	Three percent levy on foreign exchange loans abolished.
Korea	3/19/88	Liberalization	Limit on foreign exchange holdings for investment in foreign securities by Korean securities firms raised; insurance and investment trust firms authorized to hold up to $10 million.
Morocco	3/1/88	Liberalization	New types of foreign investment allowed in Morocco.
	6/13/88	Liberalization	New regulations regarding investment by Moroccans living abroad announced.
Papua New Guinea	1/1/88	Liberalization	Annual limit for investment abroad increased by 50 percent.
	1/1/88	Liberalization	Moratorium period on foreign loans reduced to one year after disbursement.
Peru	6/29/88	Liberalization	Any person or entity permitted to repatriate capital without revealing origin of funds.
Turkey	7/20/88	Liberalization	Restrictions on foreign participation in domestic securities market eased.
Viet Nam	10/21/88	Liberalization	Residents permitted to borrow abroad for working capital purposes, subject to reporting requirements.
Direct Investment
Industrial countries
Australia	1/22/88	Liberalization	Guidelines for local equity participation in new oil and gas projects exceeding $A 10 million waived.
France	9/24/88	Liberalization	Prior authorization requirement for new direct investments in France by non-EC residents eliminated.
Spain	12/19/88	Liberalization	Direct investments abroad in companies engaged in portfolio and real estate investment activities permitted.
	12/19/88	Liberalization	Ceilings on real estate investment abroad abolished.
Sweden	2/12/88	Liberalization	Restrictions on financing of direct investment lifted.
	6/1/88	Liberalization	Banks authorized to grant permits for direct investment in certain areas.
Developing countries—fuel exporters
Nigeria	7/5/88	Liberalization	Guidelines on an external debt-conversion program for Nigeria published.
Developing countries—other
Brazil	11/30/88	Liberalization	Investment abroad by Brazilian enterprises at official exchange rate allowed under certain conditions.
China, People’s Republic of	4/13/88	Liberalization	New Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures law adopted.
Dominica	1/1/88	Liberalization	Investment tax credit of 10 percent introduced.
	1/1/88	Liberalization	Reinvested profits exempted from withholding tax on profits.
Greece	11/23/88	Liberalization	Direct investments in EC by residents liberalized.
	11/23/88	Liberalization	Real estate investment by emigrants in EC countries permitted.
India	7/1/88	Liberalization	Period during which foreign companies that transfer technology to Indian companies without taking an equity position can receive royalty payments extended.
Korea	1/7/88	Liberalization	Foreign investment in advertising, motion picture distribution, and insurance industries liberalized.
	10/19/88	Liberalization	Foreign subsidiaries and joint ventures authorized to import and distribute all products except for 12 restricted items.
	11/1/88	Liberalization	Limit for overseas investments subject to automatic approval raised.
Malaysia	7/19/88	Liberalization	Foreign stock brokerage firms allowed to increase their equity share in local brokerage firms from 30 percent to 49 percent.
Morocco	3/1/88	Liberalization	New types of foreign investments allowed in Morocco.

World Economic and Financial Surveys

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1989 World Economic and Financial Surveys

Development in International Exchange and Trade Systems

Author:

International Monetary Fund

ISBN:: 9781451940435

ISSN:: 0258-7440

Publication Date:: 01 Jan 1989

Publisher:: International Monetary Fund

DOI:: https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451940435.083

Pages:: 61

Front Matter

Back Matter

Appendix Summary Table
World Economic and Financial Surveys

April 1986	World Economic Outlook: A Survey by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund.
May 1986	Primary Commodities: Market Developments and Outlook, by the Commodities Division of the Research Department.
July 1986	Staff Studies for the World Economic Outlook, by the Research Department of the International Monetary Fund.
July 1986	Export Credits: Developments and Prospects, by Eduard Brau, K. Burke Dillon, Chanpen Puckahtikom, and Miranda Xafa.
October 1986	World Economic Outlook: Revised Projections, by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund.
December 1986	International Capital Markets: Developments and Prospects, by Maxwell Watson, Russell Kincaid, Caroline Atkinson, Eliot Kalter, and David Folkerts-Landau.
February 1987	Recent Experience with Multilateral Official Debt Rescheduling, by K. Burke Dillon and Gumersindo Oliveros.
April 1987	World Economic Outlook: A Survey by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund.
May 1987	Primary Commodities: Market Developments and Outlook, by the Commodities Division of the Research Department.
August 1987	Staff Studies for the World Economic Outlook, by the Research Department of the International Monetary Fund.
October 1987	World Economic Outlook: Revised Projections, by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund.
January 1988	International Capital Markets: Developments and Prospects, by Maxwell Watson, Donald Mathieson, Russell Kincaid, David Folkerts-Landau, Klaus Regling, and Caroline Atkinson.
February 1988	Officially Supported Export Credits: Developments and Prospects, by K. Burke Dillon and Luis Duran-Downing, with Miranda Xafa.
April 1988	World Economic Outlook: A Survey by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund.
May 1988	Multilateral Official Debt Rescheduling: Recent Experience, by Peter M. Keller, with Nissanke E. Weerasinghe.
May 1988	Primary Commodities: Market Developments and Outlook, by the Commodities Division of the Research Department.
July 1988	Staff Studies for the World Economic Outlook, by the Research Department of the International Monetary Fund.
October 1988	World Economic Outlook: Revised Projections, by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund.
April 1989	World Economic Outlook: A Survey by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund.
April 1989	International Capital Markets: Developments and Prospects, by a Staff Team from the Exchange and Trade Relations and Research Departments.
July 1989	Primary Commodities: Market Developments and Outlook, by the Commodities Division of the Research Department.
September 1989	Developments in International Exchange and Trade Systems, by a Staff Team from the Exchange and Trade Relations Department.

April 1986	World Economic Outlook: A Survey by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund.
May 1986	Primary Commodities: Market Developments and Outlook, by the Commodities Division of the Research Department.
July 1986	Staff Studies for the World Economic Outlook, by the Research Department of the International Monetary Fund.
July 1986	Export Credits: Developments and Prospects, by Eduard Brau, K. Burke Dillon, Chanpen Puckahtikom, and Miranda Xafa.
October 1986	World Economic Outlook: Revised Projections, by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund.
December 1986	International Capital Markets: Developments and Prospects, by Maxwell Watson, Russell Kincaid, Caroline Atkinson, Eliot Kalter, and David Folkerts-Landau.
February 1987	Recent Experience with Multilateral Official Debt Rescheduling, by K. Burke Dillon and Gumersindo Oliveros.
April 1987	World Economic Outlook: A Survey by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund.
May 1987	Primary Commodities: Market Developments and Outlook, by the Commodities Division of the Research Department.
August 1987	Staff Studies for the World Economic Outlook, by the Research Department of the International Monetary Fund.
October 1987	World Economic Outlook: Revised Projections, by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund.
January 1988	International Capital Markets: Developments and Prospects, by Maxwell Watson, Donald Mathieson, Russell Kincaid, David Folkerts-Landau, Klaus Regling, and Caroline Atkinson.
February 1988	Officially Supported Export Credits: Developments and Prospects, by K. Burke Dillon and Luis Duran-Downing, with Miranda Xafa.
April 1988	World Economic Outlook: A Survey by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund.
May 1988	Multilateral Official Debt Rescheduling: Recent Experience, by Peter M. Keller, with Nissanke E. Weerasinghe.
May 1988	Primary Commodities: Market Developments and Outlook, by the Commodities Division of the Research Department.
July 1988	Staff Studies for the World Economic Outlook, by the Research Department of the International Monetary Fund.
October 1988	World Economic Outlook: Revised Projections, by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund.
April 1989	World Economic Outlook: A Survey by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund.
April 1989	International Capital Markets: Developments and Prospects, by a Staff Team from the Exchange and Trade Relations and Research Departments.
July 1989	Primary Commodities: Market Developments and Outlook, by the Commodities Division of the Research Department.
September 1989	Developments in International Exchange and Trade Systems, by a Staff Team from the Exchange and Trade Relations Department.

April 1986	World Economic Outlook: A Survey by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund.
May 1986	Primary Commodities: Market Developments and Outlook, by the Commodities Division of the Research Department.
July 1986	Staff Studies for the World Economic Outlook, by the Research Department of the International Monetary Fund.
July 1986	Export Credits: Developments and Prospects, by Eduard Brau, K. Burke Dillon, Chanpen Puckahtikom, and Miranda Xafa.
October 1986	World Economic Outlook: Revised Projections, by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund.
December 1986	International Capital Markets: Developments and Prospects, by Maxwell Watson, Russell Kincaid, Caroline Atkinson, Eliot Kalter, and David Folkerts-Landau.
February 1987	Recent Experience with Multilateral Official Debt Rescheduling, by K. Burke Dillon and Gumersindo Oliveros.
April 1987	World Economic Outlook: A Survey by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund.
May 1987	Primary Commodities: Market Developments and Outlook, by the Commodities Division of the Research Department.
August 1987	Staff Studies for the World Economic Outlook, by the Research Department of the International Monetary Fund.
October 1987	World Economic Outlook: Revised Projections, by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund.
January 1988	International Capital Markets: Developments and Prospects, by Maxwell Watson, Donald Mathieson, Russell Kincaid, David Folkerts-Landau, Klaus Regling, and Caroline Atkinson.
February 1988	Officially Supported Export Credits: Developments and Prospects, by K. Burke Dillon and Luis Duran-Downing, with Miranda Xafa.
April 1988	World Economic Outlook: A Survey by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund.
May 1988	Multilateral Official Debt Rescheduling: Recent Experience, by Peter M. Keller, with Nissanke E. Weerasinghe.
May 1988	Primary Commodities: Market Developments and Outlook, by the Commodities Division of the Research Department.
July 1988	Staff Studies for the World Economic Outlook, by the Research Department of the International Monetary Fund.
October 1988	World Economic Outlook: Revised Projections, by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund.
April 1989	World Economic Outlook: A Survey by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund.
April 1989	International Capital Markets: Developments and Prospects, by a Staff Team from the Exchange and Trade Relations and Research Departments.
July 1989	Primary Commodities: Market Developments and Outlook, by the Commodities Division of the Research Department.
September 1989	Developments in International Exchange and Trade Systems, by a Staff Team from the Exchange and Trade Relations Department.

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