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IMF Executive Board Approves a Disbursement of US$16 Million for St. Vincent and the Grenadines to Address the COVID-19 Pandemic »

Source: St. Vincent and the Grenadines : Request for Disbursement Under the Rapid Credit Facility-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for St. Vincent and the Grenadines

Volume/Issue: 192020/179

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 29 May 2020

ISBN: 9781513545745

Keywords: Rapid Credit Facility (RCF), Economic growth, Capital expenditure, Social safety nets, External sector, Expenditures, ISCR, CR, grenadine, percent of GDP

This paper highlights St. Vincent and The Grenadines' Request for Disbursement Under the Rapid Credit Facility (RCF). The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a major challenge to St. Vincent and the...

St. Vincent and the Grenadines: Request for Disbursement Under the Rapid Credit Facility—Debt Sustainability Analysis »

Source: St. Vincent and the Grenadines : Request for Disbursement Under the Rapid Credit Facility-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for St. Vincent and the Grenadines

Volume/Issue: 192020/179

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 29 May 2020

ISBN: 9781513545745

Keywords: Rapid Credit Facility (RCF), Economic growth, Capital expenditure, Social safety nets, External sector, Expenditures, ISCR, CR, grenadine, percent of GDP

This paper highlights St. Vincent and The Grenadines' Request for Disbursement Under the Rapid Credit Facility (RCF). The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a major challenge to St. Vincent and the...

St. Vincent and the Grenadines: Request for Disbursement Under The Rapid Credit—Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement By the Executive Director for St. Vincent and the Grenadines »

Source: St. Vincent and the Grenadines : Request for Disbursement Under the Rapid Credit Facility-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for St. Vincent and the Grenadines

Volume/Issue: 192020/179

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 29 May 2020

ISBN: 9781513545745

Keywords: Rapid Credit Facility (RCF), Economic growth, Capital expenditure, Social safety nets, External sector, Expenditures, ISCR, CR, grenadine, percent of GDP

This paper highlights St. Vincent and The Grenadines' Request for Disbursement Under the Rapid Credit Facility (RCF). The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a major challenge to St. Vincent and the...

IMF Executive Board Concludes 2018 Article IV Consultation with St. Vincent and the Grenadines »

Source: St. Vincent and the Grenadines : 2018 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report and Statement by the Executive Director for St. Vincent and the Grenadines

Volume/Issue: 2019/66

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 25 February 2019

ISBN: 9781498300193

Keywords: Economic growth, Capital expenditure, Gross domestic product, Capital, Credit, percent of GDP, grenadine, ECCB, primary balance, GDP

This Article IV Consultation highlights that following the opening of a modern international airport, signs of an economic recovery have emerged, with increased direct flights from major cities in the United States...

St. Vincent and the Grenadines 2018 Article iv Consultationt—Press Release, Staff Report and Statement by the Executive Director for St. Vincent and the Grenadines »

Source: St. Vincent and the Grenadines : 2018 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report and Statement by the Executive Director for St. Vincent and the Grenadines

Volume/Issue: 2019/66

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 25 February 2019

ISBN: 9781498300193

Keywords: Economic growth, Capital expenditure, Gross domestic product, Capital, Credit, percent of GDP, grenadine, ECCB, primary balance, GDP

This Article IV Consultation highlights that following the opening of a modern international airport, signs of an economic recovery have emerged, with increased direct flights from major cities in the United States...

ST. Vincent and the Grenadines Staff Report for the 2018 Article IV Consultation-Informational Annex »

Source: St. Vincent and the Grenadines : 2018 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report and Statement by the Executive Director for St. Vincent and the Grenadines

Volume/Issue: 2019/66

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 25 February 2019

ISBN: 9781498300193

Keywords: Economic growth, Capital expenditure, Gross domestic product, Capital, Credit, percent of GDP, grenadine, ECCB, primary balance, GDP

This Article IV Consultation highlights that following the opening of a modern international airport, signs of an economic recovery have emerged, with increased direct flights from major cities in the United States...

ST. Vincent and the Grenadines Staff Report for the 2018 Article IV Consultation—Supplementary Information »

Source: St. Vincent and the Grenadines : 2018 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report and Statement by the Executive Director for St. Vincent and the Grenadines

Volume/Issue: 2019/66

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 25 February 2019

ISBN: 9781498300193

Keywords: Economic growth, Capital expenditure, Gross domestic product, Capital, Credit, percent of GDP, grenadine, ECCB, primary balance, GDP

This Article IV Consultation highlights that following the opening of a modern international airport, signs of an economic recovery have emerged, with increased direct flights from major cities in the United States...

ST. Vincent and the Grenadines Staff Report for the 2018 Article IV Consultation—Supplementary Information »

Source: St. Vincent and the Grenadines : 2018 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report and Statement by the Executive Director for St. Vincent and the Grenadines

Volume/Issue: 2019/66

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 25 February 2019

ISBN: 9781498300193

Keywords: Economic growth, Capital expenditure, Gross domestic product, Capital, Credit, percent of GDP, grenadine, ECCB, primary balance, GDP

This Article IV Consultation highlights that following the opening of a modern international airport, signs of an economic recovery have emerged, with increased direct flights from major cities in the United States...

Statement by Ms. Louise Levonian, Executive Director, and Mr. Courtney Williams, Senior Advisor to Executive Director on St. Vincent and the Grenadines February 15, 2019 »

Source: St. Vincent and the Grenadines : 2018 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report and Statement by the Executive Director for St. Vincent and the Grenadines

Volume/Issue: 2019/66

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 25 February 2019

ISBN: 9781498300193

Keywords: Economic growth, Capital expenditure, Gross domestic product, Capital, Credit, percent of GDP, grenadine, ECCB, primary balance, GDP

This Article IV Consultation highlights that following the opening of a modern international airport, signs of an economic recovery have emerged, with increased direct flights from major cities in the United States...

Monetary Policy Transmission in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union »

Source: Monetary Policy Transmission in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union

Volume/Issue: 2018/70

Series: IMF Working Papers

Author(s): Alla Myrvoda , and Julien Reynaud

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 29 March 2018

ISBN: 9781484348291

Keywords: Asia and Pacific, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada, Western Hemisphere, monetary policy transmission; interest rate pass-through; ECCU, monetary policy transmission

This paper empirically investigates international and domestic monetary policy transmission mechanisms in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU). We assess interest rate pass-through of both the U.S. policy ra...

IMF Executive Board Concludes 2017 Article IV Consultation with St. Vincent and the Grenadines »

Source: St. Vincent and the Grenadines : Article IV Consultation-Press Release and Staff Report

Volume/Issue: 2017/400

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 21 December 2017

ISBN: 9781484334980

Keywords: Article IV consultation reports, Economic growth, Fiscal consolidation, Climatic changes, Fiscal reforms, Financial stability, Economic indicators, Debt sustainability analysis, Press releases, Staff Reports

This 2017 Article IV Consultation highlights that growth in St. Vincent and the Grenadines in 2017 is expected to remain relatively flat. The current account deficit is expected to narrow reflecting additional prof...

St. Vincent and the Grenadines: Staff Report for the 2017 Article IV Consultation »

Source: St. Vincent and the Grenadines : Article IV Consultation-Press Release and Staff Report

Volume/Issue: 2017/400

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 21 December 2017

ISBN: 9781484334980

Keywords: Article IV consultation reports, Economic growth, Fiscal consolidation, Climatic changes, Fiscal reforms, Financial stability, Economic indicators, Debt sustainability analysis, Press releases, Staff Reports

This 2017 Article IV Consultation highlights that growth in St. Vincent and the Grenadines in 2017 is expected to remain relatively flat. The current account deficit is expected to narrow reflecting additional prof...

St. Vincent and the Grenadines: Staff Report for the 2017 Article IV Consultation—Informational Annex »

Source: St. Vincent and the Grenadines : Article IV Consultation-Press Release and Staff Report

Volume/Issue: 2017/400

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 21 December 2017

ISBN: 9781484334980

Keywords: Article IV consultation reports, Economic growth, Fiscal consolidation, Climatic changes, Fiscal reforms, Financial stability, Economic indicators, Debt sustainability analysis, Press releases, Staff Reports

This 2017 Article IV Consultation highlights that growth in St. Vincent and the Grenadines in 2017 is expected to remain relatively flat. The current account deficit is expected to narrow reflecting additional prof...

Problem Loans in the Caribbean: Determinants, Impact and Strategies for Resolution »

Source: Problem Loans in the Caribbean: Determinants, Impact and Strategies for Resolution

Volume/Issue: 2017/230

Series: IMF Working Papers

Author(s): Kimberly Beaton , Thomas Dowling , Dmitriy Kovtun , Franz Loyola , Alla Myrvoda , Joel Chiedu Okwuokei , Inci Ötker , and Jarkko Turunen

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 07 November 2017

ISBN: 9781484326572

Keywords: Trinidad and Tobago, Western Hemisphere, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica

The high level of nonperforming loans (NPLs) in the Caribbean has been, in large part, a legacy of the global financial crisis, but their persistence owes much to the weak economic recovery in the region, as well a...

Loss of Correspondent Banking Relationships in the Caribbean »

Source: Loss of Correspondent Banking Relationships in the Caribbean : Trends, Impact, and Policy Options

Volume/Issue: 2017/209

Series: IMF Working Papers

Author(s): Trevor Alleyne , Jacques Bouhga-Hagbe , Thomas Dowling , Dmitriy Kovtun , Alla Myrvoda , Joel Chiedu Okwuokei , and Jarkko Turunen

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 29 September 2017

ISBN: 9781484320686

Keywords: Dominica, Dominican Republic, Antigua and Barbuda, Asia and Pacific, Bahamas, The, Barbados, Small states, Grenada, Haiti, Western Hemisphere

Banks across the Caribbean have lost important Correspondent Banking Relationships (CBRs). The macroeconomic impact has so far been limited, in part because banks either have multiple relationships or have been suc...

Migration and Remittances in Latin America and the Caribbean »

Source: Migration and Remittances in Latin America and the Caribbean : Engines of Growth and Macroeconomic Stabilizers?

Volume/Issue: 2017/144

Series: IMF Working Papers

Author(s): Kimberly Beaton , Svetlana Cerovic , Misael Galdamez , Metodij Hadzi-Vaskov , Franz Loyola , Zsoka Koczan , Bogdan Lissovolik , Jan Martijn , Yulia Ustyugova , and Joyce Wong

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 29 June 2017

ISBN: 9781484303641

Keywords: Dominica, Dominican Republic, Caribbean, Costa Rica, Antigua and Barbuda, Asia and Pacific, Bahamas, The, Barbados, Belize, El Salvador

Outward migration has been an important phenomenon for countries in Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC), particularly those in Central America and the Caribbean. This paper examines recent trends in outward migr...

Public Investment Scaling-up and Debt Sustainability »

Source: Public Investment Scaling-up and Debt Sustainability : The Case of Energy Sector Investments in the Caribbean

Volume/Issue: 2017/138

Series: IMF Working Papers

Author(s): Ahmed El-Ashram

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 12 June 2017

ISBN: 9781484302453

Keywords: Grenada, Haiti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Caribbean, Bahamas, The, Antigua and Barbuda, Asia and Pacific, Jamaica, Barbados

The question of how scaling up public investment could affect fiscal and debt sustainability is key for countries needing to fill infrastructure gaps and build resilience. This paper proposes a bottom-up approach t...

Tax Administration Reforms in the Caribbean »

Source: Tax Administration Reforms in the Caribbean : Challenges, Achievements, and Next Steps

Volume/Issue: 2017/88

Series: IMF Working Papers

Author(s): Stephane Schlotterbeck

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 04 April 2017

ISBN: 9781475592610

Keywords: Antigua and Barbuda, Asia and Pacific, Bahamas, The, Barbados, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Western Hemisphere

Over the past decade, governments in the Caribbean region have introduced the value-added tax (VAT) to modernize their tax system, rapidly mobilize revenue and reduce budget deficits. This paper analyzes VAT perfor...

Financial Stability Reports in Latin America and the Caribbean »

Source: Financial Stability Reports in Latin America and the Caribbean

Volume/Issue: 2017/73

Series: IMF Working Papers

Author(s): Cheng Lim , Alexander Klemm , Sumiko Ogawa , Marco Pani , and Claudio Visconti

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 28 March 2017

ISBN: 9781475589597

Keywords: Bahamas, The, Barbados, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Western Hemisphere

Many countries in Latin America and the Caribbean now publish financial stability reports. This study reviews their latest issues to assess their content, quality, and transparency. While some reports provide a str...

Cluster Report »

Source: Cluster Report : Trade Integration in Latin America and the Caribbean

Volume/Issue: 2017/66

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 10 March 2017

ISBN: 9781475586015

Keywords: Puerto Rico, Suriname, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica

This Cluster Report explores opportunities for trade integration in the Latin America and the Caribbean region. It finds that the region can reap significant growth benefits from further trade integration. With tra...

Non-Performing Loans in the ECCU »

Source: Non-Performing Loans in the ECCU : Determinants and Macroeconomic Impact

Volume/Issue: 2016/229

Series: IMF Working Papers

Author(s): Kimberly Beaton , Alla Myrvoda , and Shernnel Thompson

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 17 November 2016

ISBN: 9781475555714

Keywords: Non-performing loans, Western Hemisphere, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Asia and Pacific, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Macrofinancial linkages

This paper assesses the determinants of NPLs in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU) and whether a deterioration in asset quality may result in negative feedback effects from the banking system to economic a...

National Insurance Scheme Reforms in the Caribbean »

Source: National Insurance Scheme Reforms in the Caribbean

Volume/Issue: 2016/206

Series: IMF Working Papers

Author(s): Koffie Ben Nassar , Joel Chiedu Okwuokei , Mike Li , Timothy Robinson , and Saji Thomas

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 17 October 2016

ISBN: 9781475545432

Keywords: Jamaica, Insurance, Grenada, Haiti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Barbados, Bahamas, The, Asia and Pacific, Aging

Weighed down by population aging, slow economic growth, and high unemployment, National Insurance Schemes in the Caribbean are projected to run substantial deficits and deplete their assets in the next decades, rai...

Gone with the Wind »

Source: Gone with the Wind : Estimating Hurricane and Climate Change Costs in the Caribbean

Volume/Issue: 2016/199

Series: IMF Working Papers

Author(s): Sebastian Acevedo Mejia

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 14 October 2016

ISBN: 9781475544763

Keywords: Hurricane, tropical cyclone, climate change, climate impact, Caribbean.

This paper studies the economic costs of hurricanes in the Caribbean by constructing a novel dataset that combines a detailed record of tropical cyclones' characteristics with reported damages. I estimate the relat...

Highways to Heaven »

Source: Highways to Heaven : Infrastructure Determinants and Trends in Latin America and the Caribbean

Volume/Issue: 2016/185

Series: IMF Working Papers

Author(s): Valerie Cerra , Alfredo Cuevas , Carlos Góes , Izabela Karpowicz , Troy Matheson , Issouf Samaké , and Svetlana Vtyurina

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 15 September 2016

ISBN: 9781475536744

Keywords: Latin America and the Caribbean, infrastructure, public investment, investment efficiency, public-private partnerships.

Inadequate infrastructure has been widely viewed as a principal barrier to growth and development in Latin America and the Caribbean. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of infrastructure in the region and...

IMF Executive Board Concludes 2016 Article IV Consultation with St. Vincent and the Grenadines »

Source: St. Vincent and the Grenadines : 2016 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report

Volume/Issue: 2016/243

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 19 July 2016

ISBN: 9781498376389

This 2016 Article IV Consultation highlights that St. Vincent and the Grenadines' recovery from the global financial crisis was hampered by a series of natural disasters, sluggish global demand, and slow implementa...

St. Vincent and the Grenadines: Staff Report for the 2016 Article IV Consultation »

Source: St. Vincent and the Grenadines : 2016 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report

Volume/Issue: 2016/243

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 19 July 2016

ISBN: 9781498376389

This 2016 Article IV Consultation highlights that St. Vincent and the Grenadines' recovery from the global financial crisis was hampered by a series of natural disasters, sluggish global demand, and slow implementa...

St. Vincent and the Grenadines: Staff Report for the 2016 Article IV Consultation—Informational Annex »

Source: St. Vincent and the Grenadines : 2016 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report

Volume/Issue: 2016/243

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 19 July 2016

ISBN: 9781498376389

This 2016 Article IV Consultation highlights that St. Vincent and the Grenadines' recovery from the global financial crisis was hampered by a series of natural disasters, sluggish global demand, and slow implementa...

Structural Reform and Growth »

Source: Structural Reform and Growth : What Really Matters? Evidence from the Caribbean

Volume/Issue: 2016/82

Series: IMF Working Papers

Author(s): Kevin Greenidge , Meredith McIntyre , and Hanlei Yun

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 07 April 2016

ISBN: 9781484321812

Keywords: Structural Reform, Institutional Quality, Small States

Since the 1980's with the introduction of IMF/WB adjustment programs structural reforms have been a core part of the reform agenda in the Caribbean. The paper reviewed the package of structural reforms in trade lib...

Caribbean Energy »

Source: Caribbean Energy : Macro-Related Challenges

Volume/Issue: 2016/53

Series: IMF Working Papers

Author(s): Arnold McIntyre , Ahmed El-Ashram , Marcio Ronci , Julien Reynaud , Natasha Che , Ke Wang , Sebastian Acevedo Mejia , and Mark Lutz

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 08 March 2016

ISBN: 9781513560908

Keywords: Energy Reform, Oil Price Shocks, Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency, PPP, energy, oil, electricity, investments, investment

High energy costs contribute to dampening Caribbean competitiveness and potential growth. This paper overviews power sector challenges and takes stock of national and regional strategies to address them. It present...

Flying to Paradise »

Source: Flying to Paradise

Volume/Issue: 2016/33

Series: IMF Working Papers

Author(s): Sebastian Acevedo Mejia , Lu Han , Marie Kim , and Nicole Laframboise

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 23 February 2016

ISBN: 9781498375108

Keywords: airlift supply factors, tourist, tourist arrivals, airlines, tourists, Time-Series Models, Models with Panel Data,, Aviation, Caribbean, United States

This paper studies the role of airlift supply on the tourism sector in the Caribbean. The paper examines the relative importance of U.S.-Caribbean airlift supply factors such as the number of flights, seats, airlin...

ST. Vincent and the Grenadines: Staff Report for the 2014 Article IV Consultation »

Source: St. Vincent and the Grenadines : 2014 Article IV Consultation-Staff Report

Volume/Issue: 2015/259

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 14 September 2015

ISBN: 9781513540313

Keywords: monetary fund, arrears, debt, natural disasters, budget

This 2014 Article IV Consultation highlights that St. Vincent and the Grenadines' economic recovery from the global economic crisis has been curbed by a series of significant natural disasters. These, combined with...

ST. Vincent and the Grenadines: Staff Report for the 2014 Article IV Consultation—Informational Annex »

Source: St. Vincent and the Grenadines : 2014 Article IV Consultation-Staff Report

Volume/Issue: 2015/259

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 14 September 2015

ISBN: 9781513540313

Keywords: monetary fund, arrears, debt, natural disasters, budget

This 2014 Article IV Consultation highlights that St. Vincent and the Grenadines' economic recovery from the global economic crisis has been curbed by a series of significant natural disasters. These, combined with...