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Updated Common Evaluation Framework For IMF Capacity Development And Guidance Note »

Source: Updated Common Evaluation Framework For IMF Capacity Development And Guidance Note

Series: Policy Papers

Author(s): International Monetary Fund

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 24 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513557533

This document updates the Common Evaluation Framework (CEF) for the Fund's capacity development (CD) activities and provides practical guidance on its implementation. Since its adoption, the Fund has made progress...

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IMF Executive Board Approves Policy Safeguards for High Levels of Combined Access to Resources from the General Resources Account and the Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust »

Source: Policy Safeguards For Countries Seeking Access To Fund Financial Support That Would Lead To High Levels Of Combined GRA-PRGT Exposure

Volume: 20

Series: Policy Papers

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, & Review Department;International Monetary Fund. Finance Dept.;International Monetary Fund. Legal Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 18 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513557274

This paper proposes safeguards broadly aligned with the GRA exceptional access policy that will apply in cases where combined GRA and PRGT credit exposure exceeds the GRA thresholds. The new safeguards would help t...

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Policy Safeguards for Countries Seeking Access to Fund Financial Support that Would Lead to High Levels of Combined GRA-PRGT Exposure »

Source: Policy Safeguards For Countries Seeking Access To Fund Financial Support That Would Lead To High Levels Of Combined GRA-PRGT Exposure

Volume: 20

Series: Policy Papers

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, & Review Department;International Monetary Fund. Finance Dept.;International Monetary Fund. Legal Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 18 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513557274

This paper proposes safeguards broadly aligned with the GRA exceptional access policy that will apply in cases where combined GRA and PRGT credit exposure exceeds the GRA thresholds. The new safeguards would help t...

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Policy Safeguards for Countries Seeking Access to Fund Financial Support that Would Lead to High Levels of Combined GRA-PRGT Exposure—Proposed Decision »

Source: Policy Safeguards For Countries Seeking Access To Fund Financial Support That Would Lead To High Levels Of Combined GRA-PRGT Exposure

Volume: 20

Series: Policy Papers

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, & Review Department;International Monetary Fund. Finance Dept.;International Monetary Fund. Legal Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 18 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513557274

This paper proposes safeguards broadly aligned with the GRA exceptional access policy that will apply in cases where combined GRA and PRGT credit exposure exceeds the GRA thresholds. The new safeguards would help t...

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Policy Safeguards for Countries Seeking Access to Fund Financial Support that Would Lead to High Levels of Combined GRA-PRGT Exposure—Supplementary Information and Revised Proposed Decision »

Source: Policy Safeguards For Countries Seeking Access To Fund Financial Support That Would Lead To High Levels Of Combined GRA-PRGT Exposure

Volume: 20

Series: Policy Papers

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, & Review Department;International Monetary Fund. Finance Dept.;International Monetary Fund. Legal Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 18 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513557274

This paper proposes safeguards broadly aligned with the GRA exceptional access policy that will apply in cases where combined GRA and PRGT credit exposure exceeds the GRA thresholds. The new safeguards would help t...

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Republic of Korea: Financial Sector Assessment Program Technical Note—Financial Conglomerates Supervisions »

Source: Republic of Korea : Financial Sector Assessment Program-Technical Note-Financial Conglomerates Supervisions

Volume/Issue: 192020/275

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 18 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513556970

Oversight of the Korean financial system is broadly effective. Korea's Financial Services Commission (FSC) and Financial Supervisory Service (FSS) have in place regulatory and supervisory regimes in line with inter...

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Republic of Korea: Financial Sector Assessment Program Technical Note—Insolvency and Creditor Rights »

Source: Republic of Korea : Financial Sector Assessment Program-Technical Note-Insolvency and Creditor Rights

Volume/Issue: 192020/276

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 18 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513556987

The Korean insolvency and creditor rights framework is complex and has undergone several reforms in recent years. Consistent efforts to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the insolvency system have been ma...

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Republic of Korea: Financial Sector Assessment Program Technical Note—Macroprudential Policy Framework and Tools »

Source: Republic of Korea : Financial Sector Assessment Program-Technical Note-Macroprudential Policy Frameworks and Tools

Volume/Issue: 192020/277

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 18 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513557014

Past experience with financial crises places systemic risk oversight at the core of Korea's approach to the financial system. The Korean authorities have amassed over a decade of experience with macroprudential pol...

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Republic of Korea: Financial Sector Assessment Program Technical Note—Non-financial Balance Sheet Vulnerabilities and Risks to Financial Stability »

Source: Republic of Korea : Financial Sector Assessment Program-Technical Note-Non-Financial Balance Sheet Vulnerabilities and Risks to Financial Stability

Volume/Issue: 192020/278

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 18 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513557045

Non-Financial Corporate Sector. Non-financial corporate leverage as share of GDP in Korea remains higher than peer countries but has remained stable since 2013 at around 100 percent of GDP. The stock of non-corpora...

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Republic of Korea: Financial Sector Assessment Program – Technical Note—Systemic Risk Analysis, Financial Sector Stress Testing, and an Assessment of Demographic Shift in Korea »

Source: Republic of Korea : Financial Sector Assessment Program-Technical Note-Non-Systemic Risk Analysis, Financial Sector Stress Testing, and an Assessment of Demographic Shift in Korea

Volume/Issue: 192020/279

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 18 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513557052

This note presents the systemic risk analysis conducted for the Republic of Korea in the course of the 2019 Korea FSAP. It comprises a forward-looking solvency analysis for banks, insurers, and pension funds, a liq...

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Republic of Korea: Financial Sector Assessment Program Technical Note—Technological Change, Legal Frameworks, and Implications for Financial Stability »

Source: Republic of Korea : Financial Sector Assessment Program-Technical Note-Technological Change, Legal Frameworks, and Implications for Financial Stability

Volume/Issue: 192020/280

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 18 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513557069

Technological innovation in Korea holds great potential for the deepening of its financial system, that could lead to an increase of product offerings and lowering of transaction costs. Korea's financial sector leg...

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EU Climate Mitigation Policy »

Source: EU Climate Mitigation Policy

Volume/Issue: 2020/13

Series: Departmental Papers

Author(s): Jiaqian Chen , Maksym Chepeliev , Daniel Garcia-Macia , Dora Iakova , James Roaf , Anna Shabunina , Dominique van der Mensbrugghe , and Philippe Wingender

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 16 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513552569

Keywords: Climate change, European Union (EU), Environmental policy, Carbon tax, Burden sharing, Emissions trading, Climate policy, Global warming;Climate change;European Union (EU);Greenhouse emissions;Carbon pricing;Fiscal policy;Green technology;Carbon emissions

This paper aims to contribute to the debate on the choice of policies to reach the more ambitious 2030 emission reduction goals currently under consideration. It provides an analysis of the macroeconomic and distri...

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IMF Executive Board Completes Fifth Review Under the Extended Credit Facility Arrangement for the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, Approves Augmentation and US$52 Million Disbursement »

Source: Islamic Republic of Mauritania : Fifth Review Under the Extended Credit Facility Arrangement, and Request for Augmentation of Access-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for the Islamic Republic of Mauritania

Volume/Issue: 192020/274

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 16 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513556932

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impose severe social and economic hardships in Mauritania, with a sharp contraction of output expected in 2020. The authorities have responded swiftly to the shock with measures t...

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Islamic Republic of Mauritania: Fifth Review Under the Extended Credit Facility Arrangement, and Augmentation of Access—Debt Sustainability Analysis »

Source: Islamic Republic of Mauritania : Fifth Review Under the Extended Credit Facility Arrangement, and Request for Augmentation of Access-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for the Islamic Republic of Mauritania

Volume/Issue: 192020/274

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 16 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513556932

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impose severe social and economic hardships in Mauritania, with a sharp contraction of output expected in 2020. The authorities have responded swiftly to the shock with measures t...

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Islamic Republic of Mauritania: Fifth Review Under the Extended Credit Facility Arrangement, and Request for Augmentation of Access—Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for the Islamic Republic of Mauritania »

Source: Islamic Republic of Mauritania : Fifth Review Under the Extended Credit Facility Arrangement, and Request for Augmentation of Access-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for the Islamic Republic of Mauritania

Volume/Issue: 192020/274

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 16 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513556932

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impose severe social and economic hardships in Mauritania, with a sharp contraction of output expected in 2020. The authorities have responded swiftly to the shock with measures t...

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Sectoral Policies for Climate Change Mitigation in the EU »

Source: Sectoral Policies for Climate Change Mitigation in the EU

Volume/Issue: 2020/14

Series: Departmental Papers

Author(s): Nicolas Arregui , Ruo Chen , Christian Ebeke , Jan-Martin Frie , Daniel Garcia-Macia , Dora Iakova , Andreas Jobst , Louise Rabier , James Roaf , Anna Shabunina , and Sebastian Weber

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 16 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513552651

Keywords: Climate change, Climate policy, European Union (EU), Environmental policy, Environmental sustainability, Renewable energy, Greenhouse gas emissions, Climate change;Fiscal policies;Greenhouse gas emissions;European Union;Sectoral policies;Carbon pricing;Energy Efficiency

This paper discusses sectoral policies needed to achieve the ambitious greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction targets announced in the European Union's Green Deal, complementing the companion paper 'EU Climate Mi...

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Statement by Mohamed-Lemine Raghani, Executive Director for the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, and Mohamed Sidi Bouna, Senior Advisor to Executive Director September 2, 2020 »

Source: Islamic Republic of Mauritania : Fifth Review Under the Extended Credit Facility Arrangement, and Request for Augmentation of Access-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for the Islamic Republic of Mauritania

Volume/Issue: 192020/274

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 16 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513556932

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impose severe social and economic hardships in Mauritania, with a sharp contraction of output expected in 2020. The authorities have responded swiftly to the shock with measures t...

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Strategy, Policy, and Review Department: How to Operationalize IMF Engagement on Social Spending during and in the Aftermath of the COVID-19 Crisis »

Source: How to Operationalize IMF Engagement on Social Spending during and in the aftermath of the COVID-19 Crisis

Volume: 20

Series: IMF How To Notes

Author(s): Irene Yackovlev , Zuzana Murgasova , Fei Liu , Gohar Minasyan , and Ke Wang

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 14 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513556048

How to Operationalize IMF Engagement on Social Spending during and in the aftermath of the COVID-19 Crisis...

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Exchange Rates and Domestic Credit—Can Macroprudential Policy Reduce the Link? »

Source: Exchange Rates and Domestic Credit-Can Macroprudential Policy Reduce the Link?

Volume/Issue: 2020/187

Series: IMF Working Papers

Author(s): Erlend Nier , Thordur Olafsson , and Yuan Gao Rollinson

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 11 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513556550

Keywords: Macroprudential Policies, Capital Flows, Systemic Risk

This paper examines empirically the role of macroprudential policy in addressing the effects of external shocks on financial stability. In a sample of 62 economies over the period of 2000: Q1-2016: Q4, our dynamic...

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Impact of Remittances on Natural Rate of Dollarization—Trends in Caucasus and Central Asia »

Source: Impact of Remittances on Natural Rate of Dollarization-Trends in Caucasus and Central Asia

Volume/Issue: 2020/185

Series: IMF Working Papers

Author(s): Rocio Gondo , Altynai Aidarova , and Manmohan Singh

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 11 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513556536

Keywords: natural rate of dollarization, Russia, COVID, remittances, Central Asia, Caucasus

This paper discusses migration and remittances trends, and calculates the natural (or benchmark) level of dollarization in Caucasus, Central Asia and others in the region. This natural level of dollarization is con...

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Information and Inequality in the Time of a Pandemic* »

Source: Information and Inequality in the Time of a Pandemic

Volume/Issue: 2020/188

Series: IMF Working Papers

Author(s): Allan Dizioli , and Roberto Pinheiro

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 11 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513556307

Keywords: COVID-19, testing, asymptomaticity, time allocation, inequality.

We introduce two types of agent heterogeneity in a calibrated epidemiological search model. First, some agents cannot afford staying home to minimize their virus exposure, while others can. Our results show that th...

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What Drives Bank Lending Spreads and Collateral Requirements in the Kyrgyz Republic »

Source: What Drives Bank Lending Spreads and Collateral Requirements in the Kyrgyz Republic

Volume/Issue: 2020/186

Series: IMF Working Papers

Author(s): Iulia Ruxandra Teodoru

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 11 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513556543

Keywords: Bank lending spreads, financial intermediation

Limited access to finance and its high cost have contributed to relatively low levels of private investment and subpar growth in the Kyrgyz Republic. Interest rate spreads have moderated in recent years, but remain...

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Will the AI Revolution Cause a Great Divergence? »

Source: Will the AI Revolution Cause a Great Divergence?

Volume/Issue: 2020/184

Series: IMF Working Papers

Author(s): Cristian Alonso , Andrew Berg , Siddharth Kothari , Chris Papageorgiou , and Sidra Rehman

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 11 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513556505

Keywords: Automation, robots, divergence, development, technological change

This paper considers the implications for developing countries of a new wave of technological change that substitutes pervasively for labor. It makes simple and plausible assumptions: the AI revolution can be model...

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Global Firms, National Corporate Taxes: An Evolution of Incompatibility »

Source: Global Firms, National Corporate Taxes: An Evolution of Incompatibility

Volume/Issue: 2020/178

Series: IMF Working Papers

Author(s): Shafik Hebous

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 04 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513556376

Keywords: Multinational enterprises, global firm, tax avoidance, international tax

How did the rise of multinational enterprises (MNEs) put pressure on the prevailing international corporate tax framework? MNEs, and firms with market power, are not new phenomena, nor is the corporate income tax,...

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Monetary Policy Under an Exchange Rate Anchor »

Source: Monetary Policy Under an Exchange Rate Anchor

Volume/Issue: 2020/180

Series: IMF Working Papers

Author(s): Mariam El Hamiani Khatat , Mark Buessings-Loercks , and Vincent Fleuriet

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 04 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513556383

Keywords: monetary policy framework, exchange rate regime, interest rate parity, monetary policy rules, monetary operations, foreign exchange interventions

This paper argues that there is scope for monetary policy under an exchange rate anchor, and discusses the related monetary policy design and implementation. It shows that the exchange rate can be used as the main...

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Offshore Currency Markets: Non-Deliverable Forwards (NDFs) in Asia »

Source: Offshore Currency Markets: Non-Deliverable Forwards (NDFs) in Asia

Volume/Issue: 2020/179

Series: IMF Working Papers

Author(s): Jochen M. Schmittmann , and Chua Han Teng

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 04 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513556321

Keywords: Currency Markets; Offshore Markets; Non-Deliverable Forwards; NDF; DNDF

Non-deliverable forward (NDF) markets in many Asian emerging market currencies are large, rapidly growing, and often exceed onshore markets in transaction volume. NDFs tend to price significant depreciation during...

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Reducing Risk While Sharing It: A Fiscal Recipe for the EU at the Time of COVID-19 »

Source: Reducing Risk While Sharing It: A Fiscal Recipe for The EU at the Time of COVID-19

Volume/Issue: 2020/181

Series: IMF Working Papers

Author(s): Nicoletta Batini , Francesco Lamperti , and Andrea Roventini

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 04 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513551920

Keywords: COVID-19; European fiscal union; fiscal integration; risk sharing; fiscal delegation.

The COVID-19 lockdowns have brought about the need of large fiscal responses in all European countries. However, countries across Europe are differently equipped to respond to the shock due to differences in econom...

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Review of the Public Financial Management Reform Strategy for Pacific Island Countries (2010-2020) »

Source: Review of the Public Financial Management Reform Strategy for Pacific Island Countries, 2010-2020

Volume/Issue: 2020/183

Series: IMF Working Papers

Author(s): Richard Allen , Majdeline El Rayess , Laura Doherty , and Priya Goel

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 04 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513556130

Keywords: Pacific Islands Countries, public finance management (PFM) reform, PFTAC, PEFA

This paper reviews the Public Financial Management (PFM) reform stategy for 16 Pacific Island Countries (PICs) during the period 2010-2020. The strategy was endorsed by the finance and economic ministers of the reg...

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Structural Changes in Japanese Firms: Business Dynamism in an Aging Society 1 »

Source: Structural Changes in Japanese Firms: Business Dynamism in an Aging Society

Volume/Issue: 2020/182

Series: IMF Working Papers

Author(s): Gee Hee Hong , Arata Ito , Yukiko Umeno Saito , and Anh Thi Ngoc Nguyen

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 04 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513556338

Keywords: firm growth, business succession, population aging, firm exits, inter-firm-network, zombie firms

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a serious threat to the survival of Japanese firms, highlighting the importance of understanding how and why firms exit. In this paper, we use a rich firm-level dataset of Japanese f...

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Burundi: Demande D’Allégement de la Dette au Titre du Fonds Fiduciaire D’Assistance et de Riposte Aux Catastrophes — Communique de Presse; Rapport des Services du FMI et Declaration de L’Administrateur Pour le Burundi »

Source: Burundi : Request for Debt Relief Under the Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Burundi

Volume/Issue: 192020/224

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. African Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 03 September 2020

Language: French

ISBN: 9781513556444

Keywords: ISCR, CR, Proj, pandemic, remittance inflow, debt, ECF

Economic impact. COVID-19 is having an adverse economic impact on Burundi. The pandemic is affecting Burundi through an evolving domestic outbreak and economic spillovers from the global and regional environment, i...

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Déclaration de M. Dumisani Mahlinza, administrateur pour le Burundi, et de M. Tamsir Cham, conseiller de l’administrateur Le 20 juillet 2020 »

Source: Burundi : Request for Debt Relief Under the Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Burundi

Volume/Issue: 192020/224

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. African Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 03 September 2020

Language: French

ISBN: 9781513556444

Keywords: ISCR, CR, Proj, pandemic, remittance inflow, debt, ECF

Economic impact. COVID-19 is having an adverse economic impact on Burundi. The pandemic is affecting Burundi through an evolving domestic outbreak and economic spillovers from the global and regional environment, i...

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Georgia: Technical Assistance Report—Strengthen Regulation, Supervision, and Oversight of Micro Lending Institutions »

Source: Georgia : Technical Assistance Report-Strengthening Regulation, Supervision, and Oversight of Micro Lending Institutions

Volume/Issue: 192020/273

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 03 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513556406

In the past two years, the NBG has adopted a series of measures to strengthen nonbank sector financial regulation, supervision, and oversight.1 The MCM TA mission in 2017 provided recommendations along these lines,...

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IMF Staff Issues an Interim Performance Update to the Board on Seychelles’ Policy Coordination Instrument (PCI) »

Source: Seychelles : Interim Performance Update Under the Policy Coordination Instrument-Press Release; and Staff Report

Volume/Issue: 192020/272

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. African Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 03 September 2020

ISBN: 9781513556314

COVID-19 has had a severe economic impact on Seychelles through the implementation of strict domestic measures to contain the spread of the virus and the related global spillovers. The authorities have responded wi...

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Le conseil d’administration du FMI approuve un allégement de la dette de 7,6 millions de dollars en faveur de la République du Burundi au titre du fonds fiduciaire d’assistance et de riposte aux catastrophes »

Source: Burundi : Request for Debt Relief Under the Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Burundi

Volume/Issue: 192020/224

Series: IMF Staff Country Reports

Author(s): International Monetary Fund. African Dept.

Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Publication Date: 03 September 2020

Language: French

ISBN: 9781513556444

Keywords: ISCR, CR, Proj, pandemic, remittance inflow, debt, ECF

Economic impact. COVID-19 is having an adverse economic impact on Burundi. The pandemic is affecting Burundi through an evolving domestic outbreak and economic spillovers from the global and regional environment, i...