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Cover Finance & Development
Evolution of the World Bank’s Environmental Policy
JEREMY WARFORD and Zeinab Partow

For the latest thinking about the international financial system, monetary policy, economic development, poverty reduction, and other critical issues, subscribe to Finance & Development (F&D). This lively quarterly magazine brings you in-depth analyses of these and other subjects by the IMF’s own staff as well as by prominent international experts. Articles are written for lay readers who want to enrich their understanding of the workings of the global economy and the policies and activities of the IMF.

Keywords:
FD; F&D; country; government; cost; structural adjustment; a number of country; energy conservation; country creditworthiness; national income; Climate change; Environmental policy; Energy conservation; Natural resources; Global
Cover FinTech Notes
Digital Currencies and Energy Consumption
Mr. Itai Agur, Jose Deodoro, Xavier Lavayssière, Soledad Martinez Peria, Mr. Damiano Sandri, Hervé Tourpe, and Mr. German Villegas Bauer
Whether in crypto assets or in CBDCs, design choices can make an important difference to the energy consumption of digital currencies. This paper establishes the main components and technological options that determine the energy profile of digital currencies. It draws on academic and industry estimates to compare digital currencies to each other and to existing payment systems and derives implications for the design of environmentally friendly CBDCs. For distributed ledger technologies, the key factors affecting energy consumption are the ability to control participation and the consensus algorithm. While crypto assets like Bitcoin are wasteful in terms of resources, other designs could be more energy efficient than existing payment systems.
Keywords:
Payments; Energy efficiency; Environmental impact; Crypto assets; Bitcoin; Central Bank Digital Currency; CBDC; Distributed Ledger technology; DLT; CBDC user payment; energy consumption; FINTECH note; title page; user payment; Virtual currencies; Blockchain and DLT; Digital currencies; Central Bank digital currencies; Payment systems; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Front Matter
Nicoletta Batini, Mario di Serio, Matteo Fragetta, and Mr. Giovanni Melina
Keywords:
B. non-Eco-Friendly energy spending data; Energy conservation
Cover IMF Working Papers
Front Matter
Lukas Boer, Mr. Andrea Pescatori, and Martin Stuermer
Cover Finance & Development
Front Matter
International Monetary Fund. Communications Department

Massive investment in clean energy is the best guarantee of energy security.

Keywords:
energy security case; landmark climate law; clean energy investment; managing editor; Green growth opportunity; Renewable energy; Development assistance; Global; Caribbean; Europe
Cover IMF Working Papers
Front Matter
Mr. Rudolfs Bems, Lukas Boehnert, Mr. Andrea Pescatori, and Martin Stuermer
Keywords:
Non-renewable resources; Natural resources; Climate change