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Cover IMF Notes
Agricultural Producer Subsidies: Navigating Challenges and Policy Considerations
David Amaglobeli, Todd Benson, and Tewodaj Mogues

The objectives underlying agricultural output subsidies can have conflicting implications for the design of subsidy programs. As they tend to affect meaningful swaths of the electorate, subsidies can also be an attractive political instrument. By artificially lowering production costs or assuring higher output prices, direct support measures can result in resource misallocation in instances where they fail to address market failures, such as imperfect information about the returns to fertilizers. Subsidies can also contribute to fertilizer overuse, harming the environment and the agricultural sector in the long term. Furthermore, agricultural production subsidies are often fiscally costly and unfavorable compared to alternative uses of public funds—both within the agricultural sector and outside it—to achieve the same ends. Various design and implementation challenges amplify the shortcomings of producer subsidy programs.
Keywords:
subsidy program; producer subsidy; buffer stock; beneficiary farmer; agriculture subsidy portfolio; Government subsidies
Cover IMF Notes
Digital Interventions in the Health Sector: Country Cases and Policy Discussions
Carolina Bloch and Lucy Xiaolu Wang
Keywords:
Health; digitalization; social spending; public policy
Cover IMF Notes
Digital Money, Cross-Border Payments, International Reserves, and the Global Financial Safety Net: Preliminary Considerations
Seunghwan Kim, Alex Miksjuk, Narayan Suryakumar, Anita Tuladhar, Delia Velculescu, Yiqun Wu, Jimena Zuniga, and Nick Hallmark
Keywords:
digital money; international monetary system; cross-border payments; international reserves; global financial safety net; global safe assets
Cover IMF Notes
Expanding and Improving Social Safety Nets Through Digitalization: Conceptual Framework and Review of Country Experiences
Nicolo Bird and Emine Hanedar
Keywords:
social safety nets; digitalization; COVID-19; fiscal sustainability
Cover IMF Notes
Exploring the Adoption of Selected Digital Technologies in Tax Administration: A Cross-Country Perspective
Manabu Nose and Andualem Mengistu
Keywords:
Tax administration; Tax compliance; GovTech
Cover IMF Notes
Fiscal Policy for Mitigating the Social Impact of High Energy and Food Prices
Mr. David Amaglobeli, Emine Hanedar, Mr. Gee Hee Hong, and Celine Thevenot
Keywords:
Inflation; Food prices; Energy prices; Subsidies; Cash transfers; Social assistance; Energy reform; Food Security; Taxation; Fiscal policy
Cover IMF Notes
Fiscal Revenue Mobilization and Digitally Traded Products: Taxing at the Border or Behind It?
Tibor Hanappi, Adam Jakubik, and Michele Ruta
Keywords:
Digital trade; trade in services; tax policy
Cover IMF Notes
Front Matter
Mr. Bjoern Rother, Mr. Sebastian Sosa, Mr. Daehaeng Kim, Mr. Lukas P Kohler, Ms. Gaelle Pierre, Naoya Kato, Majdi Debbich, Chiara Castrovillari, Khamza Sharifzoda, Ms. Elizabeth Van Heuvelen, Fabiana Machado, Celine Thevenot, Ms. Pritha Mitra, and Dominique Fayad
Keywords:
Food insecurity; Russia’s war in Ukraine; global inflation; terms of trade shock; international cooperation; open trade; vulnerable households; agricultural production; IMF lending; IMF policy advice; capacity development
Cover IMF Notes
Front Matter
David Amaglobeli, Mengfei Gu, Mariano Moszoro, Yue Zhou, and Patricia L Escalante
Keywords:
Internet; digitalization; COVID-19
Cover IMF Notes
Front Matter
Mr. Bjoern Rother, Mr. Sebastian Sosa, Majdi Debbich, Chiara Castrovillari, and Ervin Prifti
Keywords:
Food insecurity; Russia’s war in Ukraine; global inflation; terms of trade shock; international cooperation; open trade; vulnerable households; agricultural production; IMF lending; IMF policy advice; capacity development