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You are looking at 1 - 10 of 16 items for :

  • Type: Journal Issue x
  • Macroeconomics x
  • Climatic changes x
  • Industries; Land Use; Labor x
  • Climate; Natural Disasters and Their Management; Global Warming x
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Cover IMF Working Papers
Green Bond Pricing and Greenwashing under Asymmetric Information
Jochen M. Schmittmann and Yun Gao
We analyze the corporate green bond market under a rational framework without an innate green preference, using a simple adverse selection model. Firms can use green bonds to signal their green credentials to investors. Transition risk stems from uncertainty over the introduction of carbon pricing. We show that green bonds have a price premium over conventional bonds when there are information asymmetry, transition risk, and it is costly to engage in greenwashing, that is, false or exaggerated claims of being green. The extent of greenwashing in the market is a function of the green bond premium. A swift and gradual implementation of carbon pricing generates a small green bond premium and a low level of greenwashing, while delayed and large carbon pricing has an ambiguous effect on both. The model provides a rich set of policy implications, notably the need for swift action on carbon pricing and strong information disclosures and regulations to ensure the integrity of green bonds.
Keywords:
green bond pricing; greenwashing; transition risk; carbon pricing; green debt; climate finance; green bond premium; brown firm; green bond; Carbon tax; Bonds; Greenhouse gas emissions; Asia and Pacific; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Climate Change and Energy Security: The Dilemma or Opportunity of the Century?
Mr. Serhan Cevik
This paper investigates the connection between climate change and energy security in Europe and provides empirical evidence that these issues are the two faces of the same coin. Using a panel of 39 countries in Europe over the period 1980–2019, the empirical analysis presented in this paper indicates that increasing the share of nuclear, renewables, and other non-hydrocarbon energy and improving energy efficiency could lead to a significant reduction in carbon emissions and improve energy security throughout Europe. Accordingly, policies and reforms aimed at shifting away from hydrocarbons and increasing energy efficiency in distribution and consumption are key to mitigating climate change, reducing energy dependence, and minimizing exposure to energy price volatility.
Keywords:
Climate change; energy security; carbon emissions; energy efficiency; Europe; transition economies; mitigating climate change; energy dependence; climate change adaptation; financing climate change mitigation; Greenhouse gas emissions; Energy conservation; Carbon tax; Global; Baltics
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Italy: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
Selected Issues
Keywords:
asset stranding; productivity in Italy; I. carbon taxes; Policy issue; green transition; Carbon tax; Greenhouse gas emissions; Climate finance; Climate change; Productivity; Global
Cover Staff Climate Notes
Carbon Taxes or Emissions Trading Systems?: Instrument Choice and Design
Ian W.H. Parry, Mr. Simon Black, and Karlygash Zhunussova
Carbon pricing should be a central element of climate mitigation strategies, helping countries transition to ‘net zero’ greenhouse gas emissions over the next three decades. Policymakers considering introducing or scaling up carbon pricing face technical choices between carbon taxes and emissions trading systems (ETSs) and in their design. This includes administration, price levels, relation to other mitigation instruments, use of revenues to address efficiency and distributional objectives, supporting measures to address competitiveness concerns, extension to broader emissions sources, and coordination at the global level. Political economy considerations also affect the choice and design of instruments. This paper discusses such issues in the choice between and design of carbon taxes and ETSs, providing guidance, broader considerations, and quantitative analyses. Overall, carbon taxes have significant practical advantages over ETSs (especially for developing countries) due to ease of administration, price certainty to promote investment, the potential to raise significant revenues, and coverage of broader emissions sources—but ETSs can have significant political economy advantages.
Keywords:
Climate change mitigation; Paris Agreement; carbon pricing; carbon tax; emissions trading system; design issues; instrument choice; IMF staff climate note; IMF staff climate NOTE 2022/006; Greenhouse gas emissions; Climate change; Global
Cover Staff Climate Notes
Approaches to Climate Risk Analysis in FSAPs
Mr. Tobias Adrian, Pierpaolo Grippa, Mr. Marco Gross, Mr. V. Haksar, Mr. Ivo Krznar, Caterina Lepore, Mr. Fabian Lipinsky, Ms. Hiroko Oura, Sujan Lamichhane, and Mr. Apostolos Panagiotopoulos
Climate change presents risks and opportunities for the real economies and financial sectors of the IMF’s global membership. Understanding the risks is key to prepare for a successful transition to a lower carbon global economy. This will unlock the many opportunities for technological progress and structural transformation along the path that financial sectors around the world will need to adapt to and support. This note lays out the IMF staff’s emerging approach to assessing the impact of climate change on banking sector stability risks conducted in the context of the IMF’s Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP). The note starts with a primer on climate change risk, both transition and physical, explaining some of the technical terms and concepts used in this work. It explains the approach to standard risk analysis in FSAPs, and how this would be modified in broad terms to incorporate climate risk. The note then discusses different approaches to the analysis of physical versus transition risk, their implications for the macro-economy and across sectors in the real economy and different geographies, and how all these effects map into the banking sector. The note illustrates concepts with examples of applications from recent FSAPs and takes note of the many challenges confronting this work, including data gaps and uncertainty regarding climate projections and long simulation horizons in conducting the climate risk analysis. As such the note is focused on methods that IMF staff are deploying to raise awareness of the risks, and adaptation needs, including need for banks to develop tools to manage climate risks and for financial sector supervisory authorities to adequately supervise this risk.
Keywords:
climate change; physical risk; transition risk; risk analysis; stress testing; Financial Sector Assessment Program; IMF staff Climate note; climate risk analysis; banking sector stability risk; IMF staff Climate Note 2022/005; Carbon tax; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
The International Diffusion of Policies for Climate Change Mitigation
Manuel Linsenmeier, Mr. Adil Mohommad, and Gregor Schwerhoff
In this paper, we study the international diffusion of carbon pricing policies. In the first part, we empirically examine to what extent the adoption of carbon pricing in a given country can explain the subsequent adoption of the same policy in other countries. In the second part, we quantify the global benefits of policy diffusion in terms of greenhouse gas emission reductions elsewhere. To do so, we combine a large international dataset on carbon pricing with several other datasets. For causal identification, we estimate semi-parametric Cox proportional hazard models. We find robust and statistically significant evidence for policy diffusion.
Keywords:
policy diffusion; policy adoption; climate change mitigation policy; pricing policy; small country; Greenhouse gas emissions; Climate policy; Carbon tax; Global; South America; North America
Cover IMF Working Papers
Climate Change in Sub-Saharan Africa Fragile States: Evidence from Panel Estimations
Mr. Rodolfo Maino and Drilona Emrullahu
Fragile states in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) face challenges to respond to the effects of climate shocks and rising temperatures. Fragility is linked to structural weaknesses, government failure, and lack of institutional basic functions. Against this setup, climate change could add to risks. A panel fixed effects model (1980 to 2019) found that the effect of a 1â—¦C rise in temperature decreases income per capita growth in fragile states in SSA by 1.8 percentage points. Panel quantile regression models that account for unobserved individual heterogeneity and distributional heterogeneity, corroborate that the effects of higher temperature on income per capita growth are negative while the impact of income per capita growth on carbon emissions growth is heterogeneous, indicating that higher income per capita growth could help reduce carbon emissions growth for high-emitter countries. These findings tend to support the hypothesis behind the Environmental Kuznets Curve and the energy consumption growth literature, which postulates that as income increases, emissions increase pari passu until a threshold level of income where emissions start to decline.
Keywords:
climate change; fragile states; climate risk; panel regressions Robustness test; panel quantile regression; panel regression estimate; energy consumption growth literature; quantile panel regression; Climate change; Greenhouse gas emissions; Income; Natural disasters; Carbon tax; Sub-Saharan Africa; Global; Africa
Cover IMF Working Papers
Structural Breaks in Carbon Emissions: A Machine Learning Analysis
Jiaxiong Yao and Mr. Yunhui Zhao
To reach the global net-zero goal, the level of carbon emissions has to fall substantially at speed rarely seen in history, highlighting the need to identify structural breaks in carbon emission patterns and understand forces that could bring about such breaks. In this paper, we identify and analyze structural breaks using machine learning methodologies. We find that downward trend shifts in carbon emissions since 1965 are rare, and most trend shifts are associated with non-climate structural factors (such as a change in the economic structure) rather than with climate policies. While we do not explicitly analyze the optimal mix between climate and non-climate policies, our findings highlight the importance of the nonclimate policies in reducing carbon emissions. On the methodology front, our paper contributes to the climate toolbox by identifying country-specific structural breaks in emissions for top 20 emitters based on a user-friendly machine-learning tool and interpreting the results using a decomposition of carbon emission ( Kaya Identity).
Keywords:
Climate Policies; Carbon Emissions; Machine Learning; Structural Break; Kaya Identity; machine learning methodology; machine learning analysis; user-friendly machine-learning tool; emission level; energy intensity; Greenhouse gas emissions; Climate policy; Climate change; Carbon tax; Machine learning; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Modeling the U.S. Climate Agenda: Macro-Climate Trade-offs and Considerations