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Cover IMF Working Papers
IMF Fossil Fuel Subsidies Data: 2023 Update
Mr. Simon Black, Antung A. Liu, Ian W.H. Parry, and Nate Vernon
This paper provides a comprehensive global, regional, and country-level update of: (i) efficient fossil fuel prices to reflect supply and environmental costs; and (ii) subsidies implied by charging below efficient fuel prices. Globally, fossil fuel subsidies were $7 trillion in 2022 or 7.1 percent of GDP. Explicit subsidies (undercharging for supply costs) have more than doubled since 2020 but are still only 18 percent of the total subsidy, while nearly 60 percent is due to undercharging for global warming and local air pollution. Differences between efficient prices and retail fuel prices are large and pervasive, for example, 80 percent of global coal consumption was priced at below half of its efficient level in 2022. Full fossil fuel price reform would reduce global carbon dioxide emissions to an estimated 43 percent below baseline levels in 2030 (in line with keeping global warming to 1.5-2oC), while raising revenues worth 3.6 percent of global GDP and preventing 1.6 million local air pollution deaths per year. Accompanying spreadsheets provide detailed results for 170 countries.
Keywords:
Fossil fuel subsidies; efficient fuel prices; supply costs; climate change; local air pollution mortality; revenue gains; energy price surge; non-pricing reform; spreadsheet tools
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
United Kingdom: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.

The surge in energy prices due to Russia’s war in Ukraine inflicted a sharp terms of trade shock on the UK economy. While energy prices have since declined, the future energy price path remains uncertain, with futures-implied prices substantially above their levels prior to October 2021, when Russian natural gas imports to Europe began to be curtailed. In this context, section I analyzes the impact of the energy price shock on UK households and firms; section II describes the energy support measures introduced by the UK government; and section III provides staff’s assessment of these measures and sets out some options to optimize the policy response to a possible resurgence in energy prices. These include structural measures to ensure energy security and raise resilience to spikes in energy prices, and options to refine, especially the targeting of, support measures that could be introduced in response.

Keywords:
price signal; pre-existing price regulation; wedge formula; policy measure; electricity price; Electricity; Fuel prices; Natural gas sector; Consumption
Cover IMF Working Papers
The IMF-World Bank Climate Policy Assessment Tool (CPAT): A Model to Help Countries Mitigate Climate Change
Mr. Simon Black, Ian W.H. Parry, Mr. Victor Mylonas, Nate Vernon, and Karlygash Zhunussova
To stabilize the climate, global greenhouse gas emissions must be cut by 25 to 50 percent by 2030 compared to 2019. Such an unprecedented rate of decarbonization necessitates climate mitigation policies across countries, notably carbon pricing, fossil fuel subsidy reform, renewable subsidies, feebates, emission rate regulations, and public investments. To design and implement effective, efficient, and equitable policies, governments need tools to assess economic, environmental, fiscal, and social impacts. To support this effort, the IMF and World Bank are making their joint Climate Policy Assessment Tool (CPAT) available to governments. CPAT is a transparent, flexible, and user-friendly model covering over 200 countries. It allows for the rapid quantification of impacts of climate mitigation policies, including on energy demand, prices, emissions, revenues, welfare, GDP, households and industries, local air pollution and health, and many other metrics. This paper describes the CPAT model, its data sources, key assumptions, and caveats.
Keywords:
CPAT; climate mitigation; carbon pricing; instrument choice; fiscal incidence; health co-benefits; transport co-benefits; welfare effects; IMF-World Bank Climate Policy Assessment Tool; climate mitigation policy; CPAT model; CPAT structure; CPAT application; Climate policy; Energy pricing; Energy prices; Fuel prices; Global