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  • Education: Government Policy x
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Cover IMF Working Papers
Social Spending in Mexico: Needs, Priorities and Reforms
Mrs. Swarnali A Hannan, Juan Pablo Cuesta Aguirre, and David Bartolini
Poverty in Mexico was high before the COVID-19 pandemic and has been exacerbated by the pandemic, with significant variation across states. Education losses from the pandemic are likely to be large and worsen pre-existing disparities; unless mitigated soon, they could contribute to heightened scarring over the medium term. Using state-level and cross-country comparisons, this paper reviews key social programs as well as priorities in education and health. It finds that higher spending and improved design of social programs (e.g., better targeting) would reduce socioeconomic gaps, mitigate scarring risks, and foster inclusive growth.
Keywords:
social programs; health; education; sustainable development goals; scarring effect; losses from the pandemic; pre-existing disparity; government program; scarring risk; COVID-19; Income; Caribbean
Cover IMF Working Papers
Education and Health for Inclusiveness
Mr. Nikola Spatafora
We discuss existing shortfalls and inequalities in the accumulation of human capital—knowledge, skills, and health. We analyze their immediate and systemic causes, and assess the scope for public intervention. The broad policy goals should be to improve: the quality, and not just the quantity, of education and health care; outcomes for disadvantaged groups; and lifelong outcomes. The means to achieve these goals, while maximizing value for money, include: focusing on results rather than just inputs; moving from piecemeal interventions to systemic reform; and adopting a “whole-of-society” approach. Reforms must be underpinned by a robust evidence base.
Keywords:
Inclusive Growth.; WP; primary care; transfer program; basic education; health outcome; complement teacher training; computer-assisted learning; good health; secondary education; Education; Health; Inclusive Growth; Human capital; Health care; Labor force; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Automation, Skills and the Future of Work: What do Workers Think?
Mr. Carlos Mulas-Granados, Mr. Richard Varghese, Vizhdan Boranova, Alice deChalendar, and Judith Wallenstein
We exploit a survey data set that contains information on how 11,000 workers across advanced and emerging market economies perceive the main forces shaping the future of work. In general, workers feel more positive than negative about automation, especially in emerging markets. We find that negative perceptions about automation are prevalent among workers who are older, poorer, more exposed to job volatility, and from countries with higher levels of robot penetration. Perceptions over automation are positively viewed by workers with higher levels of job satisfaction, higher educational attainment, and from countries with stronger labor protection. Workers with positive perceptions of automation also tend to respond that re-education and retraining will be needed to adapt to rapidly evolving skill demands. These workers expect governments to have a role in shaping the future of work through protection of labor and new forms of social benefits. The demand for protection and benefits is more significant among women and workers that have suffered job volatility.
Keywords:
WP; worker; Automation; Future of Work; Robotization; Education; Reskilling; Retraining; more-on-the job training; employment characteristic; job happiness; middle-age worker; Emerging technologies; Labor markets; Europe; Africa; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Statement by Mr. Doornbosch, Alternate Executive Director and Mr. Hanson, Advisor on Georgia June 19, 2019
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.

Fourth Review Under the Extended Fund Facility Arrangement and Request for Modifications of Quantitative Performance Criteria-Press Release; Staff Report; and a Statement by the Executive Director for Georgia

Keywords:
ISCR; CR; government reform agenda; current account; FX put options; Georgian authorities; Education reform; Reserves accumulation; Education spending; Infrastructure
Cover IMF Working Papers
Struggling to Make the Grade: A Review of the Causes and Consequences of the Weak Outcomes of South Africa’s Education System
Mr. Montfort Mlachila and Tlhalefang Moeletsi
While South Africa has made significant improvements in basic and tertiary education enrollment, the country still suffers from significant challenges in the quality of educational achievement by almost any international metric. The paper finds that money is clearly not the main issue since the South Africa’s education budget is comparable to OECD countries as a percent of GDP and exceeds that of most peer sub-Saharan African countries in per capita terms. The main explanatory factors are complex and multifaceted, and are associated with insufficient subject knowledge of some teachers, history, race, language, geographic location, and socio-economic status. Low educational achievement contributes to low productivity growth, and high levels of poverty, unemployment, and inequality. Drawing on the literature, the paper sketches some policy considerations to guide the debate on what works and what does not.
Keywords:
WP; basic education; education system; learner outcome; primary education; government spending; teacher union; educational attainment; quality of education; education reforms; South Africa; performance pay; pupil-teacher ratio; teacher pay system; learner performance; teacher absenteeism; teacher training; Education spending; Income inequality; Africa; East Asia
Cover IMF Working Papers
Improving the Efficiency and Equity of Public Education Spending: The Case of Moldova
Hui Jin, La-Bhus Fah Jirasavetakul, and Baoping Shang
This paper, using Moldova as an example, presents a systematic approach to assess the efficiency and equity of public education spending, identify sources of inefficiencies and inequality, and formulate potential reform options. The analytical framework combines international benchmarking with country-specific analysis—such as microeconomic analysis based on household survey data—and can provide important insights into diagnosing and reforming education systems. The analysis finds significant scope to improve both efficiency and equity of the education sector in Moldova. Potential reform measures include further consolidating the oversized school network, reducing overstaffing, and better targeting government subsidies. The current remuneration policy could also be improved to attract high quality teachers and incentivize performance.
Keywords:
WP; public education; labor market; wage level; IMF staff calculation; public expenditure; wage premium; public education spending; spending efficiency; inequality; education reform; public spending; wage bill; Mincer wage regression; private sector; base pay; wage deficit; reservation wage; resource allocation; wage spending; pay grade; Education spending; Wages; Eastern Europe; Middle East; North Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Georgia: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.

Selected Issues

Keywords:
ISCR; CR; Georgia; product; GDP; export product diversification; TFP growth; government spending; real GDP; low-productivity sector; physical capital; Total factor productivity; Education reform; Productivity
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Statement by Mr. Doornbosch, Alternate Executive Director for Georgia, and Mr. Botel, Senior Advisor to Executive Director for Georgia June 27, 2018
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.

Georgia continues to make progress in addressing macroeconomic imbalances, supported by its Extended Fund Facility (EFF) arrangement.

Keywords:
ISCR; CR; staff appraisal; government; parliament; policy; follow-up IMF TA; reform effort; Georgian authorities; Public investment and public-private partnerships (PPP); Fiscal risks; Education reform; Global