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Cover Finance & Development
Funding the Metropolitan Areas of South Africa
JUNAID AHMAD

For the latest thinking about the international financial system, monetary policy, economic development, poverty reduction, and other critical issues, subscribe to Finance & Development (F&D). This lively quarterly magazine brings you in-depth analyses of these and other subjects by the IMF’s own staff as well as by prominent international experts. Articles are written for lay readers who want to enrich their understanding of the workings of the global economy and the policies and activities of the IMF.

Keywords:
FD; F&D; wage; government; worker; exchange rate; bank; local authorities; local authority system; turnover tax; revenue base; representative local government system; Property tax; Fiscal transfers; Sales tax; Africa
Cover IMF Survey
IMF Survey: Vol.25, No.6 1996
International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.

The Web edition of the IMF Survey is updated several times a week, and contains a wealth of articles about topical policy and economic issues in the news. Access the latest IMF research, read interviews, and listen to podcasts given by top IMF economists on important issues in the global economy. www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/home.aspx

Keywords:
SV; government; countryIMF study; firm; IMF staff country; rate of inflation; market economy; staff country; reform program; Income; Social security contributions; Income tax systems; Europe; Western Hemisphere; Africa; Middle East; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Accounting for Cloud Computing in the National Accounts
Mr. Andrew Baer, Mr. Kwangwon Lee, and James Tebrake
Digitalization and the innovative use of digital technologies is changing the way we work, learn, communicate, buy and sell products. One emerging digital technology of growing importance is cloud computing. More and more businesses, governments and households are purchasing hardware and software services from a small number of large cloud computing providers. This change is having an impact on how macroeconomic data are compiled and how they are interpreted by users. Specifically, this is changing the information and communication technology (ICT) investment pattern from one where ICT investment was diversified across many industries to a more concentrated investment pattern. Additionally, this is having an impact on cross-border flows of commercial services since the cloud service provider does not need to be located in the same economic territory as the purchaser of cloud services. This paper will outline some of the methodological and compilation challenges facing statisticians and analysts, provide some tools that can be used to overcome these challenges and highlight some of the implications these changes are having on the way users of national accounts data look at investment and trade in commercial services.
Keywords:
WP; cloud computing service; cloud service; IT service; cloud computing firm; Cloud storage service; computer processing firm; computer services export; delivery model; sector use cloud computing service; software service; use cloud computing service; cloud computing; information and communication technology; national accounts; data center; f irst company; service delivery model; cloud data storage service; cloud services from the IT services firm; cloud computing provider; Imports; Service exports; Information technology in revenue administration; Employee contributions; Global
Cover IMF Staff Papers
The Sensitivity of the Yield of the U.S. Individual Income Tax and the Tax Reforms of the Past Decade
Mr. Vito Tanzi

The sensitivity (i.e., elasticity and built-in flexibility) of the U. S. individual income tax to changes in national income is of great interest to researchers and policymakers. However, the direct measurement of this sensitivity—that is, the measurement obtained from time-series observations of the relevant variables—has always been difficult, and even at times impossible, because changes in the legal structure of the tax have been too frequent to provide enough observations that relate to the same legal structure to allow statistically significant coefficients to be determined. This was particularly true in the United States before 1954, when the rates were changed frequently; it has also been true since 1963, when important changes occurred in rates, personal exemptions, deductions, and other features. In contrast, during the period between 1954 and 1963, hardly any significant statutory changes occurred in the tax.

Keywords:
SP; tax liability; rate structure elasticity; b AGI; tax yield; mean adjusted gross income; Income tax systems; Personal income; Tax elasticity; APIs
Cover Finance & Development
What is at Stake in the Uruguay Round?
Ms. Helen B. Junz and Clemens F. J. Boonekamp

For the latest thinking about the international financial system, monetary policy, economic development, poverty reduction, and other critical issues, subscribe to Finance & Development (F&D). This lively quarterly magazine brings you in-depth analyses of these and other subjects by the IMF’s own staff as well as by prominent international experts. Articles are written for lay readers who want to enrich their understanding of the workings of the global economy and the policies and activities of the IMF.

Keywords:
FD; F&D; country; trade talks; readership survey; IMF graphics section; export subsidy; GATT article; MFA trade; EC effort; trade creation; General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; Dispute resolution; Tariffs; Export subsidies; Trade liberalization; Global