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International Monetary Fund. Research Dept.

Abstract

2023年1月《世界经济展望更新》预测,2023年全球增长率将降至2.9%,但2024年将升至3.1%。2023年的预测值比2022年10月《世界经济展望》的预测高0.2个百分点,但低于历史平均水平。利率上升和乌克兰战争继续拖累经济活动。中国最近重新开放了经济,为快于预期的复苏铺平了道路。预计2023年全球通胀率将降至6.6%,2024年将降至4.3%,但仍高于疫情前水平。

International Monetary Fund. Research Dept.

Abstract

Supply-chain disruptions and rising geopolitical tensions have brought the risks and potential benefits and costs of geoeconomic fragmentation to the center of the policy debate.

International Monetary Fund. Research Dept.

Abstract

Supply-chain disruptions and rising geopolitical tensions have brought the risks and potential benefits and costs of geoeconomic fragmentation to the center of the policy debate.

International Monetary Fund. Research Dept.

Abstract

En la Actualización de Perspectivas de la economía mundial de enero de 2023 se proyecta que el crecimiento mundial descenderá a 2,9% en 2023 para luego repuntar a 3,1% en 2024. El pronóstico para 2023 es 0,2 puntos porcentuales más alto que el vaticinado en la edición de Perspectivas de la economía mundial de octubre de 2022, pero inferior a la media histórica. Las crecientes tasas de interés y la guerra en Ucrania continúan lastrando la actividad económica. La reciente reapertura de China ha desbrozado el camino hacia una recuperación más veloz de lo previsto. Se prevé que la inflación mundial disminuya a 6,6% en 2023 y 4,3% en 2024, es decir, niveles aún superiores a los observados antes de la pandemia.

International Monetary Fund

Abstract

La titubeante recuperación de 2021 ha venido seguida de una evolución cada vez más lúgubre en 2022, a causa de los riesgos que comenzaron a materializarse. Durante el segundo trimestre de este año, el producto mundial se contrajo, debido a la desaceleración de China y Rusia, mientras que el gasto de los hogares en Estados Unidos no alcanzó las expectativas. Varios shocks han sacudido una economía mundial ya debilitada por la pandemia: una inflación superior a lo previsto en todo el mundo—sobre todo en Estados Unidos y las principales economías europeas—que ha provocado el endurecimiento de las condiciones financieras; una desaceleración peor de lo previsto en China, consecuencia de los brotes de la COVID-19 y los confinamientos, y las nuevas repercusiones negativas de la guerra en Ucrania.

International Monetary Fund. Research Dept.

Abstract

This section discusses a number of scenarios intended to facilitate the analysis of policy issues in both industrial and developing countries in a medium-term context. The scenarios, which focus on the evolution of the principal macroeconomic indicators, are used to illustrate the inflation risks that have been identified in the previous section and to examine the effects of alternative policy reactions in industrial countries.4 Medium-term scenarios are then used to assess the impact of unforeseen changes in key external variables on selected groups of developing countries. This analysis provides the background for the discussion of policy issues in the following sections of the paper. It will be recalled that the analysis of scenarios in earlier World Economic Outlook reports examined the consequences of alternative fiscal and structural measures in industrial countries; that analysis is not repeated here, but its implications stand behind some of the assessments presented in later sections of this report.

International Monetary Fund

Abstract

Since the initiation of economic reforms in the late 1970s. China has achieved impressive economic growth coupled with significant structural transformation (Figure 32). During 1978–96, real GDP grew on average by over 9 percent a year, contributing to a near quadrupling of per capita income and the lifting of millions out of poverty. Over the same period, many of the distortions and rigidities of the former central planning system were eliminated and market forces came to play an increasingly important role in economic decision making. Concomitantly, the state’s role in the economy was gradually reduced and a dynamic non-state sector emerged that now accounts for almost two-thirds of GDP.1 In addition, as part of the normal process of economic development, employment in agriculture has declined substantially while a thriving manufacturing sector has emerged.