This chapter investigates the challenges faced by policymakers when conducting a fiscal policy in resource-rich countries. These challenges become more acute in resource-rich countries in Africa, because in many of them revenues from exporting primary commodities still account for the bulk of export earnings. We shall mainly consider three challenges: (i) the possible secular decline of real commodity prices, the so-called Prebish—Singer hypothesis, (ii) the long cycles that characterize real commodity prices, (iii) the exceeding volatility of real commodity prices and the fact that this volatility is time varying.
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