The reforms of OECD budget systems have given rise to fundamental institutional changes in the way governments operate. Underlying all of these changes has been the perceived need to move away from highly centralized budget systems and associated control mechanisms and toward more decentralized arrangements, which have come in many guises. This section provides a simplified typology as a framework to review the advantages and disadvantages of the most popular of the various institutional approaches. From this review, some lessons for emerging economies are distilled. First, the move to institutionalize decentralized decision making should take place in stages, and some arrangements that are more risky than others should be avoided. Second, it is necessary to put critical enabling conditions in place and not to neglect the wider control and accountability environment in which the new arrangements must operate. Third, all solutions involve considerable investment in human resources to develop skills not only in the newly created decentralized units but also within supervising ministries, and especially in the MoF.
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