Azerbaijan has a rich natural resource endowment and a long history of oil and gas exploration. Oil and gas reserves in the country are estimated to be the third largest in the Caspian region.1 Oil production peaked in 1941 at 172 million barrels of oil, or almost 75 percent of the output of the Soviet Union. Production then declined steadily, dropping off sharply in the final years of the Soviet Union. Only in the late 1990s did discoveries of new oil and gas reserves lead to a turnaround in output, driven primarily by foreign investment from international partners.
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