During the year ending May 2001, the global economic slowdown and greater synchronization between economic and financial cycles gave rise to reappraisals of financial risk, portfolio rebalancing, and asset repricing in a wide range of financial markets. As discussed in previous International Capital Markets reports, past financial market adjustments, such as that which occurred in 1998, often seemed to have originated in concerns that excessive leverage, market illiquidity, and other potential financial fragilities could engender real economic consequences such as a “credit crunch.” By contrast—and contrary to concerns expressed by market participants last year that the U.S. and global economies might experience overheating—the recent adjustment reflected perceptions, and then the reality, of deteriorating economic conditions and prospects. Concerns later arose that the attendant financial repercussions, including downward pressure on corporate earnings growth and rising default rates, would adversely affect prospects for real economic growth.
Campbell, John Y., Andrew W. Lo, and A. Craig MacKinlay, 1997, The Econometrics of Financial Markets (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press).
Fitch, 2001, Japanese Banks: Loan Loss Simulation for Japanese Banks Based on New Disclosed Problem Loan Data (May).
Goldman Sachs, 1999, “Millenium Metamorphosis: From Old to New Japan,” Portfolio Stratege (Tokyo, December 17).
Goldman Sachs, 2000, “Japan: Credit Spreads Likely to Matter Increasingly,” Global Economic Weekly (New York, November 15).
Goldman Sachs, 2001a, “Additional Steps: Corporate Governance, Industrial/Financial Restructuring,” Japan Strategy Flash (Tokyo, February 13).
Goldman Sachs, 2001b, “Showa Depression Deja-Vu?” Portfolio Strategy (Tokyo, March 2).
Goldman Sachs, 2001c, “The Great Heisei Loan Work-Out, Part II,” Banks: City Banks (Tokyo, February 27).
Goldman Sachs, 2001d, “The Great Heisei Loan Work-Out, Part III,” Banks: City Banks (Tokyo, February 27).
Goldman Sachs, 2001e, “The Great, Great Heisei Loan Work-Out,” Banks: City Banks (Tokyo, April 20).
Ibison, David, 2001, “Japan M&A Levels Off,” Financial Times (London), January 24.
International Monetary Fund, 1999, International Capital Markets: Developments, Prospects, and Key Policy Issues, World Economic and Financial Surveys (Washington).
International Monetary Fund, 2000a, International Capital Markets: Developments, Prospects, and Key Policy Issues, World Economic and Financial Surveys (Washington).
International Monetary Fund, 2000b, Japan: Selected Issues, IMF Staff Country Report No. 00/144 (Washington).
International Monetary Fund, 2000c, Japan: Staff Report for the 2000 Article IV Consultation, IMF Country Report No. 00/98 (Washington).
Levy, Joaquim, 1999, “Financial Reorganization and Corporate Restructuring in Japan,” Chapter 8 in Post-Bubble Blues: How Japan Responded to Asset Price Collapse, ed. by Tamim Bayoumi and Charles Collyns (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Lindgren, Carl-Johan, Gillian Garcia, and Matthew I. Saal, 1996, Bank Soundness and Macroeconomic Policy (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Moody’s Investors Service, 2000a, How Will We Know When the Japanese Banking Problem Is Over? (New York, May).
Moody’s Investors Service, 2000b, Japan: Banking System Outlook (New York, October).
Moody’s Investors Service, 2000c, Ratings on Rebound as Japan’s Corporations Restructure (Tokyo, November).
Moody’s Investors Service, 2001, Japanese Banks in Another Crisis …: What Has Changed? What Will Change? What Would Be Difficult to Change? Time to Revisit Management Improvement Plan? (Tokyo and New York, February).
Morgan Stanley Dean Witter, 2001, Japan Economics: In the Crisis Quadrant (Tokyo, April).
Oxford Analytica, 2000, “Japan: Tax Options,” “Japan: Tax Options,” September 22.
Rafferty, Kevin, 2000, “Voters Sink Sogo’s Lifeboat,” Euromoney (September), pp. 50–54.
Standard & Poor’s, 2000, Japan CreditStats: Clear Divergence in Japanese Corporate Credit Quality Emerges (Tokyo, November 15).
World Securities Law Report, 2001 (January), pp. 18–19.
Hardwood, Alison, ed., 2000, Building Local Bond Markets: An Asian Perspective (Washington: World Bank).
Hong Kong Monetary Authority, 2001, HKMA Quarterly Bulletin (February).
J.P. Morgan, 2000, “Guide to Asian Local Markets,” October.
Kilby, Paul, 2001, “Pension Funds Search for Paper,” IFR Latin America (April 16), pp. 11–13.
Krishnan, Sharma, 2000, “The Underlying Constraints on Corporate Bond Market Development in Southeast Asia,” Department of Economic and Social Affairs Discussion Paper No. 14 (New York: United Nations).
Merrill Lynch, 2001, “Size and Structure of the World Bond Market 2001,” April.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2000, “Round Table on Capital Market Reforms in Asia: Summary of Proceedings,” October.
“Review of the Year 2000,” 2001, EuroWeek (London, January).
Salomon Smith Barney, 2000, “Private Pension Funds in Latin America,” December.
International Monetary Fund, 2001, Emerging Market Financing: Quarterly Report on Developments and Prospects, Second Quarter 2001 (Washington).
Bank for International Settlements, 2001, Quarterly Review: International Banking and Financial Market Developments (Basel, June).
Fabozzi, Frank J., ed., 1998, Perspectives on International Fixed Income Investing (Frank J. Fabozzi Associates, July).
Inoue, Hirotaka, 1999, “The Structure of Government Securities Markets in G-10 Countries: Summary of Questionnaire Results,” in Market Liquidity: Research Findings and Selected Policy Implications (Basel: Bank for International Settlements).
Schinasi, Garry J., Charles F. Kramer, and R. Todd Smith, 2001, “Financial Implications of the Shrinking Supply of U.S. Treasury Securities,” IMF Working Paper 01/61 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Schinasi, Garry J., and R. Todd Smith, 1998, “Fixed-Income Markets in the United States, Europe, and Japan: Some Lessons for Emerging Markets,” IMF Working Paper 98/173 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
United States, Department of the Treasury, 2001, Treasury Bulletin (Washington, March).
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