In coming years, ESA countries will be affected by the ongoing trend of trade liberalization at the regional level (Table 7.1). The EU-South Africa free trade agreement (EU-SA FTA) will also have significant trade and competitiveness effects for ESA countries with strong trade links with both the EU and South Africa; it will also have important revenue effects for several countries, notably the BLNS countries (Box 7.1). More fundamentally, it will impel a lowering of trade barriers in ESA countries, in part because their borders are porous. Direct pressures to lower trade barriers will also arise in the context of discussions about the trade arrangements that will succeed the Lomé Convention.
Amjadi, Ayita, Ulrich Reinke, and Alexander J. Yeats, 1996, “Did External Barriers Cause the Marginalization of Sub-Saharan Africa in World Trade?”, World Bank Discussion Paper No. 348 (Washington: World Bank).
Amjadi, Ayita, and Alexander J. Yeats, 1995, “Have Transport Costs Contributed to the Relative Decline of African Exports? Some Preliminary Empirical Evidence,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1559 (Washington: World Bank).
Collier, Paul, and Jan Willem Gunning, 1999, “Explaining African Economic Performance,” Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 37 (March), pp. 64 –111.
Dollar, David, 1992, “Outward-Oriented Developing Economies Really Do Grow More Rapidly: Evidence from 95 LDCs, 1976-1985,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 40 (April), pp. 523 –4.
Easterly, William, and Ross Levine, 1997, “Africa’s Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 112 (November), pp. 1203 –50.
Ebrill, Liam P., Janet Stotsky, and Renit Gropp, 1999, Revenue Implications of Trade Liberalization, IMF Occasional Paper No. 180 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Edwards, Sebastian, 1998, “Openness, Productivity and Growth: What Do We Really Know?”, Economic Journal, Vol. 108 (March), pp. 383 –98.
Gelbard, Enrique, and Sergio Pereira Leite, 1999, “Measuring Financial Development in Sub-Saharan Africa,” IMF Working Paper 99/105 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Harrold, Peter, 1995, “The Impact of the Uruguay Round on Africa,” World Bank Discussion Paper No. 311 (Washington: World Bank).
IDS (Institute of Development Studies), and BIDPA (Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis), 1998, “Study to Assess the Economic Impact of the Proposed European Union-South Africa Free Trade Agreement on Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, and Swaziland,” Final Report, December.
IMANI, 1997, “Impact of the EU-SA Free Trade Agreement on BLNS Countries,” Consultants’ Report.
IMF, 1991, Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions: Annual Report 1991 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
IMF, 2000, Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions: Annual Report 2000 (forthcoming,Washington: International Monetary Fund).
ITU, 1999, International Telecommunication Union Report (Geneva: International Telecommunication Union).
Jonsson, Gunnar, and Arvind Subramanian, 2000, “Dynamic Gains from Trade: Evidence from South Africa,” IMF Working Paper (forthcoming; Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Madani, Dorsati, 1999, “A Review of the Role and Impact of Export Processing Zones,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2238 (Washington: World Bank).
Mattoo, Aaditya, 1999, “Financial Services and the World Trade Organization: Liberalization Commitments of the Developing and Transition Economies,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2184 (Washington: World Bank).
Mattoo, Aaditya, Randeep Rathindran, and Arvind Subramanian, 2000, “Measuring Liberalization in Services and Its Impact on Growth,” mimeo (Washington: World Bank).
Rodrik, Dani, 1998, “Why Is Trade Reform So Difficult in Africa?”, Journal of African Economies, Vol. 7, Supplement 1 (June), pp. 43 –69.
Rodrik, Dani, 1999, The New Global Economy and Developing Countries: Making Openness Work (Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press for the Overseas Development Council).
Sachs, Jeffrey D., and Andrew Warner, 1995, “Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: 1, Brookings Institution, pp. 1 –118.
Sachs, Jeffrey D., and Andrew Warner, 1997, “Fundamental Sources of Long-Run Growth,” American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, Vol. 87 (May), pp. 184 –88.
Sharer, Robert, and others, 1998, Trade Liberalization in IMF-Supported Programs, World Economic and Financial Surveys (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Sorsa, Piritta, 1996, “Sub-Saharan African Own Commitments in the Uruguay Round: Myth or Reality?”, World Economy, Vol. 19 (May), pp. 287 –305.
Subramanian, Arvind, and Natalia Tamirisa, “Africa’s Trade Revisited,” forthcoming (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Wang, Zhen Kun, and L. Alan Winters, 1998, “Africa’s Role in Multilateral Trade Negotiations: Past and Future,” Journal of African Economies, Vol. 7, Supplement 1 (June), pp. 1 –33.
World Bank, World Development Indicators, 1999 (Washington: World Bank).
Yeats, Alexander J., 1994, “What Are OECD Trade Preferences Worth to Sub-Saharan Africa?”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1254 (Washington: World Bank).
Yeats, Alexander J., 1998, “What Can Be Expected from African Regional Trade Arrangements? Some Empirical Evidence,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2004 (Washington: World Bank).
Yeats, Alexander J., and Francis Ng, 1999, “Good Governance and Trade Policy: Are They the Keys to Africa’s Global Integration and Growth?”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2038 (Washington: World Bank).
International Monetary Fund Copyright © 2010-2021. All Rights Reserved.