During the 1990s, in addition to the Cross-Border Initiative, countries in eastern and southern Africa embarked on a number of bilateral and regional trade arrangements (RTAs). These arrangements include COMESA, SADC, SACU, EAC, and the IOC. There is also the free trade agreement between the European Union (EU) and South Africa, that presages significant preferential liberalization on the north-south axis; the recent accord between ACP countries (African, Caribbean, and Pacific) and the EU, that extends for a considerable period the concessions of the Lomé conventions; and the African Growth and Opportunity Act that provides for duty-free treatment of Sub-Saharan African exports to the United States.
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Amjadi, Ayita, and Alexander J. Yeats, 1995, “Have Transport Costs Contributed to the Relative Decline of African Exports? Some Preliminary Empirical Evidence,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1559 (Washington: World Bank).
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Jonsson, Gunnar, and Arvind Subramanian, 2000, “Dynamic Gains from Trade: Evidence from South Africa,” IMF Working Paper (forthcoming; Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Madani, Dorsati, 1999, “A Review of the Role and Impact of Export Processing Zones,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2238 (Washington: World Bank).
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Yeats, Alexander J., and Francis Ng, 1999, “Good Governance and Trade Policy: Are They the Keys to Africa’s Global Integration and Growth?”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2038 (Washington: World Bank).
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