Abstract

One major objective of capital controls is to manage the various risks associated with capital flows.8 Capital control measures focus on specific types of transactions and attempt to manage and reduce risk by influencing the composition of parties to, and the volume of, such transactions. Chapter II examined a number of measures adopted by various countries, ranging from quantitative restrictions to a Tobin tax–like mechanism. The predominant motivations for the use of capital controls were macroeconomic, mainly to facilitate the pursuit of both monetary policy and exchange rate objectives.

Cited By

Country Experiences with Their Use and Liberalization
  • Baker, Age F.P., 1996, The Liberalization of Capital Movements in Europe: The Monetary Committee and Financial Integration,1958–94, Financial and Monetary Policy Studies No.29 (Amsterdam: Kluwer).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Baliño, Tomás, and others, 1999, Financial Sector Crisis and Restructuring: Lessons from Asia, IMF Occasional Paper No. 188 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Bank Negara Malaysia, 1998, Annual Report (Kuala Lumpur: Bank Negara Malaysia).

  • Barro, Robert, and Sala-i-Martin, Xavier 1995, Economic Growth (New York: McGraw-Hill).

  • Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 1992, “Framework for Measuring and Managing Liquidity” (Basel).

  • Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 1999a, “A New Capital Adequacy Framework,Consultative paper issued by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, issued in for comment by June 1999 March 31, 2000. Available via Internet at http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs50.htm

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 1999bSound Practices for Loan Accounting and Disclosure,July 27. Available via Internet at http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs55.htm

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 1994, Commercial Bank Examination Manual, and various supplements updated through May 1999 (Washington: Federal Reserve).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cárdenas, Mauricio, and Felipe Barrera,Sobre La Efectividad de los Controles a los Flujos de Capital en Colombia,Conyuntura Economica (June).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cordoso, Eliana, and Ilan Goldfajn, 1997, “Capital Flows to Brazil: The Endogeneity of Capital Controls,IMF Working Paper 97/115 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Edwards, Sebastian, 1998a, “Capital Controls Are Not the Reason for Chile’s Success,Wall Street Journal, April 3.

  • Edwards, Sebastian, 1998b, “Capital Flows, Real Exchange Rates, and Capital Controls: Some Latin American Experiences,NBER Working Paper No. 6800 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research, November).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Edwards, Sebastian, 1999, “On Crisis Prevention: Lessons from Mexico and East Asia,NBER Working Paper No. 7233 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Eichengreen, Barry, Brian Tobin, and Charles Wyplosz, 1995, “Two Cases for Sand in the Wheels of International Finance,Economic Journal, Vol. 105 (January), pp. 16272.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Eyzaguirre, Nicolás, and Klaus and Schmidt-Hebbel, 1997, “Encaje a la Entrada de Capitales y Ajuste Macro-económico” (unpublished; Santiago: Central Bank of Chile).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Garber, Peter, and Mark P. Taylor, 1995, “Sand in the Wheels of Foreign Exchange Markets: A Sceptical Note,Economic Journal, Vol.105 (January), pp.17380.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Garcia, Márcio G.P., and Marcus Vinicius Valpassos, 1998, “Capital Flows, Capital Controls, and Currency Crisis: The Case of Brazil in the Nineties,Departa-mento de Economia, Texto para Discussao No. 389 (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • García-Herrero, Alicia, 1997, “Banking Crises in Latin America in the Lessons from Argentina, Paraguay, and Venezuela,1990s: IMF Working Paper No. 97/140 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Herrera, Luis Oscar, and Rodrigo Valdés, 1999, “The Effect of Capital Controls on Interest Rate Differentials,Central Bank of Chile Working Paper No. 50 (Santiago: Central Bank of Chile).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • International Monetary Fund, 1993, Balance of Payments Manual (Washington: IMF).

  • International Monetary Fund, 1995, “Malaysia’s Recent Experience with International Capital Flows,” in “Malaysia–Background Paper,IMF Staff Country Report No. 95/127 (Washington: IMF).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • International Monetary Fund, 1997, International Capital Markets: Developments, Prospects, and Key Policy Issues (Washington: IMF).

  • International Monetary Fund, 1999a, “Colombia–Selected Issues and Statistical AppendixIMF Staff Country Report No. 99/6 (Washington: IMF).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • International Monetary Fund, 1999b, Exchange Rate Arrangements and Currency Convertibility: Developments and Issues (Section VII), World Economic and Financial Surveys (Washington: IMF).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • International Monetary Fund, 1999c, “Russian Federation–Recent Economic Developments,Staff Country Report No. 99/100 (Washington: IMF).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • International Monetary Fund, 1999d, “Use of Capital Controls and Evolution of the Capital Control Regime,” Chapter I in “Malaysia, Recent Economic Developments,IMF Staff Country Report 99/85 (Washington: IMF).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • International Monetary Fund, Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions, various issues (Washington: IMF).

  • Johnston, Barry, and Inci Ötker-Robe, 1999, “A Modernized Approach to Managing the Risks in Cross-Border Capital Movements,IMF Policy Discussion Paper 99/6 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Joshi, Himanshu, and Mridul Sagger, 1998, “Excess Returns, Risk-Premia, and Efficiency of the Foreign Exchange Market: Indian Experience in the Post-Liberalisation Period,Reserve Bank of India Occasional Papers, Vol.19 (june), pp. 12952.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Labán, Raúl M., and Felipe B. Larraín, 1998, “The Return of Private Capital to Chile in the 1990s: Causes, Effects, and Policy Reactions,Harvard Institute for International Development, Development Discussion Paper No. 627 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Laurens, Bernard, and Jaime Cardoso, 1998, “Managing Capital Flows: Lessons from the Experience of Chile,IMF Working Paper 98/168 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Le Fort, Guillermo, 1999, “The Experience with Capital Controls and Capital Account Regulations in Chile,paper prepared for the Working Group on Foreign Capital Flows of the Financial Stability Forum, May 28.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Le Fort, Guillermo, and Carlos L. Budnevich, 1996, “CapitalAccount Regulation and Macroeconomic Policy: Two Latin American Experiences,Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College Working Paper No. 162 (An-nandale-on-Hudson, New York: Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, May).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Le Fort, Guillermo, and Gonzalo Sanhueza, 1997, “Flujo de Capitales y Encaje en la Experiencia de los 1990s” (unpublished; Santiago: Central Bank of Chile).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Levine, Ross, and David Renelt, 1992.A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions,American Economic Review, Vol. 82 (September), pp. 94263.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Linde, Luis M., 1993, “Las Medidas del Banco de Espafia de Septiembre y Octubre de 1992 Penalizando la Es-peculacion Cambiaria,Papeles de Economia Es-panola, No. 54, pp. 301308.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Linde, Luis M., and Javier Alonso, 1995, “Mercados de Divisas y Crisis Cambiarias: Una Nota a Proposito del Informe del Grupo de los Diez de Abril de 1993,Monetaria, Centro de Estudios Monetarios Latinoamericanos, Vol. 18 (January-March), pp. 6590.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nadal-De Simone, Francisco, and Piritta Sorsa, 1999, “A Review of Capital Account Restrictions in Chile in the 199 pp. 0s,IMF Working Paper 99/52 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ocampo Gaviria, and José A., and Camilo E. Tovar Mora, 1999, “Capital Flows, Savings and Investment in Colombia 1990–96,Archivos de Macroeconomia, Vol. 58 (January), pp. 4652.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Oxford Analytica, 1999, Malaysia: Foreign Investment Climate, June 24.

  • Rishi, and Meenakshi, and James K. Boyce, 1990, “The Hidden Balance of Payments: Capital Flight and Trade Misinvoicing in India, 1971–1986,Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 35 (July 28), pp. 164548.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sheahan, John, 1994, “Peru’s Return Toward an Open Economy: Macroeconomic Complications and Structural Questions,World Development, Vol. 22 (June), pp. 91123.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Soto, Claudio, 1997, “Controles a los Movimientos de Capital: Evaluacion del Caso Chileno” (unpublished; Santiago: Central Bank of Chile).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tamirisa, Natalia, 1999, “Exchange and Capital Controls as Barriers to Trade,IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 46 (March), pp. 6988.

  • Valdés-Prieto, Salvador and Marcelo Soto, 1998, “The Effectiveness of Capital Controls: Theory and Evidence from Chile,Empirica, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 13364.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wibulswasdi, Chaiyawat, 1998, “Thailand’s Experience with Capital Account Liberalization,” paper presented at the seminar on “Preconditions for a Successful Liberalization of the Capital Accountorganized by the IMF and the French Cooperative Agency in Madagascar, November 4–6.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Willard Working Group 2, 1998, “Structuring an Orderly Capital Account Liberalization and the Role of Prudential Controls in the Light of the Current Size and Speed of Capital Flows: the Malaysian Experience,Strengthening Financial Systems, Material for 2nd Meeting, August 6–7, Paris.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Zahler, Roberto, 1998, “Chile’s Macroeconomic Policies in the 1990s as Seen from the Vantage Point of the Central Bank,United Nations, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean-ECLAC, LC/L 1140 (September).

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation