The period since last year’s International Capital Markets report has witnessed some of the most severe financial market turbulence in the postwar period. The effects of the Asian financial crisis were initially felt mainly within the region, and the negative spillovers to other emerging markets and to most of the advanced countries outside the region were short lived.1 Indeed, through mid-1998 other emerging markets, including in Latin America and Europe, generally maintained access to international capital markets at relatively favorable terms, and some of the Asian crisis countries saw a pickup in inflows.2 At the same time, equity markets in most of the advanced countries continued to record strong gains—reaching record valuations; levels of leverage in advanced countries’ financial systems remained high; and confidence was generally strong.
Aspetsberger, A., 1996, “Open Market Operations in EU Countries,” EMI Staff Paper No. 3 (Frankfurt: European Monetary Institute, May).
Banca d’Italia, 1999, Relazione Annuale 1998 (Rome).
Bank of England, 1999, Practical Issues Arising from the Euro (London, June).
Banque de France, 1999, Tendances Monétaires et Financières (Paris, March).
Deutsche Bundesbank, 1999, Monthly Report (Frankfurt, May).
European Central Bank, 1998, The Single Monetary Policy in Stage Three: General Documentation on ESCB Monetary Policy Instruments and Procedures (Frankfurt, September).
European Central Bank, 1999a, Monthly Bulletin (Frankfurt, March).
European Central Bank, 1999b, Monthly Bulletin (Frankfurt, May).
European Central Bank, 1999c, Monthly Bulletin (Frankfurt, June).
Fazio, Antonio, 1999, “La Ristrutturazione del Sistema Bancario Italiano,” testimony before the Italian Senate, April 20.
International Monetary Fund, 1997, International Capital Markets: Developments, Prospects, and Key Policy Issues, World Economic and Financial Surveys (Washington, November).
International Monetary Fund, 1998, International Capital Markets: Developments, Prospects, and Key Policy Issues, World Economic and Financial Surveys (Washington, September).
Padoa-Schioppa, Tommaso, 1999, “EMU and Banking Supervision,” LSE Financial Markets Group Special Paper No. 112 (London: London School of Economics and Political Science, March).
Prati, Alessandro, and Garry J. Schinasi, 1999, “Financial Stability in European Economic and Monetary Union,” Princeton Studies in International Finance, No. 86 (Princeton, New Jersey: International Finance Section, Department of Economics, Princeton University, July).
Bank of Japan, 1998, “Utilization of Financial Institutions’ Self-Assessment in Enhancing Credit Risk Management,” Quarterly Bulletin, Vol. 6 (February), pp. 19–32.
Fitch IBCA, “Japan: Major Banks’ Results for 1998/99” (Tokyo, June).
International Monetary Fund, 1998, International Capital Markets: Developments, Prospects, and Key Policy Issues, World Economic and Financial Surveys (Washington, September).
James, Christopher, 1995, “When Do Banks Take Equity in Debt Restructurings?” Review of Financial Studies, Vol. 8 (Winter), pp. 1209–34.
James, Christopher,, 1996, “Bank Debt Restructurings and the Composition of Exchange Offers in Financial Distress,” Journal of Finance, Vol. 50 (June), pp. 711–27.
Lipworth, Gabrielle, 1996, “Postal Saving in Japan,” in Japan: Selected Issues, IMF Staff Country Report No. 96/114 (Washington: International Monetary Fund, September).
Mitsuhiro, Seki, 1994, Beyond the Full-Set Industrial Structure: Japanese Industry in the New Age of East Asia (Tokyo: LTCB International Library Foundation).
Morgan Stanley Dean Witter, 1999, Japan Restructuring (Tokyo, May).
Moriaki, Tsuchiya, and Konomi Yoshinobu, 1997, Shaping the Future of Japanese Management: New Leadership to Overcome the Impending Crisis (Tokyo: LTCB International Library Foundation).
Benston, George, and George Kaufman, 1997, “FDICIA After Five Years,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 11 (Summer), pp. 139–58.
Brock, Philip, ed., 1992, “If Texas Were Chile: A Primer on Banking Reform” (San Francisco, California: Institute for Contemporary Studies Press).
Calomiris, Charles, 1997, “The Postmodern Bank Safety Net: Lessons from Developed and Developing Economies” (Washington: AEI Press).
Calomiris, Charles,, 1999, “Building an Incentive-Compatible Safety Net,” Journal of Banking and Finance (forthcoming).
Corsetti, Giancarlo, Paolo Pesenti, and Nouriel Roubini, 1998, “What Caused the Asian Currency and Financial Crisis?” Banca d’Italia, Temi di Discussione No. 343 (Rome, December).
Demirgüç-Kunt, Asli, and Enrica Detragiache, 1998, “The Determinants of Banking Crises In Developing and Developed Countries,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 45 (March), pp. 81–109.
Garcia, Gillian, 1999, “Deposit Insurance: A Survey of Actual and Best Practices,” IMF Working Paper 99/54 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
International Monetary Fund, 1998, International Capital Markets: Developments, Prospects, and Key Policy Issues (Washington).
Kroszner, Randall S., 1998, “Rethinking Bank Regulation: A Review of the Historical Evidence,” Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Vol. 11 (Summer).
Martinez, M. Soledad, and Sergio Schmukler, 1999, “Do Depositors Punish Banks for “Bad” Behavior?: Examining Market Discipline in Argentina, Chile, and Mexico” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2058 (Washington: World Bank, February).
Merton, Robert, and Zvi Bodie, 1993, “Deposit Insurance Reform: A Functional Approach,” Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, Vol. 38 (June), pp. 1–34.
Moody’s Investor Service, 1999a, “Corporate Restructuring and the Impact on the Korean Banking Sector” (New York, April).
Moody’s Investor Service, 1999b, “Banking System Outlook: Thailand” (New York, May).
Moody’s Investor Service, 1999c, “Special Comment: Look Who’s Talking About Capital: The Mexican Banking System and Economic Capital” (New York, June).
Moody’s Investor Service, 1999d, “Banking System Outlook: Venezuela” (New York, January).
Salomon Smith Barney, 1999, Mexican Bank Reference Guide, Equity Research (April).
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 1997, Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision (Basel: Bank for International Settlements September).
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 1998a, Enhancing Bank Transparency (Basel: Bank for International Settlements, September).
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 1998b, Framework for Internal Control Systems in Banking Organisations (Basel: Bank for International Settlements, September).
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 1998c, Operational Risk Management (Basel: Bank for International Settlements, September).
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 1999a, Banks’ Interactions with Highly Leveraged Institutions (Basel: Bank for International Settlements, January).
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 1999b, Credit Risk Modelling: Current Practices and Applications (Basel: Bank for International Settlements, April).
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 1999c, A New Capital Adequacy Framework (Basel: Bank for International Settlements, June).
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 1999d, Sound Practices for Banks’ Interactions with Highly Leveraged Institutions (Basel: Bank for International Settlements, January).
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 1999e, Sound Practices for Loan Accounting and Disclosure (Basel: Bank for International Settlements, July).
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, and the Technical Committee of IOSCO, 1998a, Supervisory Information Framework for Derivatives and Trading Activities (Basel: Bank for International Settlements, September).
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, and the Technical Committee of IOSCO, 1998b, Trading and Derivatives Disclosures of Banks and Securities Firms: Results of the Survey of 1997 Disclosures (Basel: Bank for International Settlements, November).
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, and the Technical Committee of IOSCO, 1999, Recommendations for Public Disclosure of Trading and Derivatives Activities of Banks and Securities Firms (Basel: Bank for International Settlements, February).
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 1999, Supervisory Letter 99-3 (Washington, February).
Corrigan, Gerald, and Stephen G. Thieke, 1999, Testimony on behalf of Counterparty Risk Management Policy Group before the Subcommittee on Capital Markets, Securities and Government Sponsored Enterprises, Committee on Banking and Financial Services, United States House of Representatives, March 3.
Counterparty Risk Management Policy Group, 1999, Improving Counterparty Risk Management Practices (New York, June).
Deutsche Bundesbank, 1999, “Hedge Funds and Their Role in the Financial Markets,” Monthly Report, Vol. 51 (March), pp. 29–42.
Institute of International Finance, 1999, Report of the Task Force on Risk Assessment (Washington, March).
International Accounting Standards Committee, 1999, Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement (London, March).
International Organization of Securities Commissions, 1998, Risk Management and Control Guidance for Securities Firms and Their Supervisors (Montreal, May).
International Swaps and Derivatives Association, 1999, ISDA 1999 Collateral Review (New York, March).
Joint Forum on Financial Conglomerates, 1999, Supervision of Financial Conglomerates (Basel: Bank for International Settlements, February).
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, 1999, OCC Bulletin 99-2 (Washington, January).
Reserve Bank of Australia, 1999, Hedge Funds, Financial Stability and Market Integrity (March).
United States, President’s Working Group on Financial Markets, 1999, Hedge Funds, Leverage, and the Lessons of Long-Term Capital Management (Washington, April).
Working Group on International Financial Crises, 1998, Report of the Working Group on International Financial Crises (Basel: Bank for International Settlements, October).
Working Group on Strengthening Financial Systems, 1998, Report of the Working Group on Strengthening Financial Systems (Basel: Bank for International Settlements, October).
Working Group on Transparency and Accountability, 1998, Report of the Working Group on Transparency and Accountability (Basel: Bank for International Settlements, October).
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 1999, A New Capital Adequacy Framework (Basel: Bank for International Settlements, June).
Berg, Andrew, and Catherine Pattillo, 1999, “Are Currency Crises Predictable?” IMF Staff Papers, Vol. 46 (June), pp. 107–138.
Cantor, Richard, and Frank Packer, 1996, “Determinants and Impact of Sovereign Credit Ratings,” Economic Policy Review, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Vol. 2 (October), pp. 37–53.
Cantor, Richard, and Frank Packer,, 1997, “Differences of Opinion and Selection Bias in the Credit Rating Industry,” Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 21 (October), pp. 1395–417.
Cline, William R., and Kevin J.S. Barnes, 1997, “Spreads and Risks in Emerging Market Lending,” Institute of International Finance Research Paper No. 97/1 (Washington: IIF, December).
Fitch IBCA Sovereign Comment, 1998, “After Asia: Some Lessons of the Crisis” (January 13), pp. 1–13.
Heckman, James, 1979, “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error,” Econometrica, Vol. 47 (January), pp. 153–61.
International Monetary Fund, 1998, World Economic Outlook: A Survey by the Staff of the International Monetary Fund, World Economic and Financial Surveys (Washington, October), pp. 49–53.
Juttner, Johannes D., and Justin McCarthy, 1998, “Modeling a Ratings Crisis” (unpublished; Sydney, Australia: Macquarie University).
Kaminsky, Graciela, Saul Lizondo, and Carmen M. Reinhart, 1998, “Leading Indicators of Currency Crises,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 45 (March), pp. 1–48.
Kennedy, Peter, 1985, A Guide to Econometrics (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press).
Larrain, Guillermo, Helmut Reisen, and Julia von Maltzan, 1997, “Emerging Market Risk and Sovereign Credit Ratings,” OECD Development Centre Technical Paper No. 124 (Paris, April).
Moody’s Investor Service, 1998, “Moody’s Rating Record in the East Asian Financial Crisis” (May).
Moody’s Investor Service, 1999, Historical Default Rates of Corporate Bond Issuers, 1920–1998, Special Comment (January).
“On Watch,” The Economist, May 15, 1999, p. 82.
Reisen, Helmut, and Julia von Maltzan, 1999, “Boom and Bust and Sovereign Ratings,” International Finance, forthcoming.
Sachs, Jeffrey, Aaron Tornell, and Andrés Velasco, 1996, “Financial Crisis in Emerging Markets: the Lessons from 1995,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: I (Washington: Brookings Institution), pp. 147–215.
Standard & Poor’s, 1998, Sovereign Credit Ratings: A Primer (December).
Standard & Poor’s, 1999a, CreditWeek (March 10).
Standard & Poor’s, 1999b, CreditPro (May).
Banco Central de Argentina, 1998, Main Features of the Regulatory Framework of the Argentine Financial System (Buenos Aires, Argentina: May).
Baron, Neil D., and Leah W. Murch, 1993, “Statutory and Regulatory Uses of Ratings in the United States and Other Jurisdictions,” Fitch Investors Service, Inc. (January 14).
Callen, Tim and others, 1998, India: Recent Economic Developments, IMF Staff Country Report No. 98/120 (Washington, October).
Cantor, Richard, and Frank Packer, 1994, “The Credit Rating Industry,” Quarterly Review, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Vol. 19 (Summer/Fall), pp. 1–26.
Dale, Richard S., and Stephen H. Thomas, 1991, “The Regulatory Use of Credit Ratings in International Financial Markets,” Journal of International Securities Markets (Spring) pp. 9–18.
Inter-American Development Bank, 1998, Survey of Financial Systems, available on the internet at http://www.iadb.org/finanialmarkets/report/toc.htm (Washington).
Laurens, Bernard, and Jaime Cardoso, 1998, “Managing Capital Flows: Lessons from the Experience of Chile,” IMF Working Paper 98/168 (Washington: International Monetary Fund, December).
World Bank, 1998, Argentina Financial Sector Review, Report No. 17864-AR (Washington, September 28).
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