Under the umbrella of central bank laws enacted since 1992, most central banks of the Baltic countries, Russia, and the other countries of the former Soviet Union have gained considerable formal autonomy to carry out an independent monetary policy (Belarus and Uzbekistan are notable exceptions). Monetary control is exercised through a variety of instruments, including reserve requirements; credit auctions, and refinance facilities that are mainly market-based; interventions in the foreign exchange markets; auctions of treasury bills; and, to a limited extent, open market operations.
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