CBAs may appear attractive to small open economies with limited central banking expertise and incipient financial markets, or to countries that wish to preserve the benefits of belonging to a broader trade or currency area, or envisage joining a currency union. In addition, they may be attractive to countries where lack of credibility severely constrains the effectiveness of monetary policy or exposes the economy to recurrent currency crises and high risk premiums (Box 3). However, a CBA cannot of itself create credibility unless accompanied by firm supporting policies. Without such policies, credibility will remain low, which will undermine the sustainability of the CBA itself.
Auernheimer, Leonardo, 1993, “Currency Boards and Policy Rules,” in Proceedings of a Conference on Currency Substitution and Currency Boards, ed. by Nissan Liviatan, World Bank Discussion Papers 207 (Washington: World Bank).
Baliño, Tomás J.T., 1991, “The Argentine Banking Crisis of 1980,” in Banking Crises: Cases and Issues, by V. Sundararajan and Tomás J.T. Baliño (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Bayoumi, Tamim, and Barry, Eichengreen, 1995, “The Stability of the Gold Standard and the Evolution of the International Monetary System,” Center for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper No. 1248, pp. 1–33.
Bennett, Adam, 1993, “The Operation of the Estonian Currency Board,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 40 (June), pp. 451–70.
Bennett, Adam, 1994, “Currency Boards: Issues and Experiences,” IMF Paper on Policy Analysis and Assessment/94/18 (Washington: International Monetary Fund, September).
Bercuson, Kenneth, ed., 1995, Singapore: A Case Study in Rapid Development, IMF Occasional Paper 119 (Washington: International Monetary Fund, February).
Bhatia, Rattan J., 1985, The West African Monetary Union: An Analytical Review, IMF Occasional Paper No. 35 (Washington: International Monetary Fund, May).
Bordo, Michael D., and Finn E., Kydland, 1990, “The Gold Standard as a Rule,” NBER Working Paper No. 3367 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research, May).
Bordo, Michael D., and Finn E., Kydland, and Hugh Rockoff, 1995, “The Gold Standard as a ‘Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval,’” NBER Working Paper No. 5340 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research, November).
Calvo, Guillermo A., Leonardo, Leiderman, and Carmen M., Reinhart, 1992, “Capital Inflows and Real Exchange Rate Appreciation in Latin America: The Role of External Factors,” IMF Working Paper 92/62 (Washington: International Monetary Fund, August).
Calvo, Guillermo A., Leonardo, Leiderman, and Carmen M., Reinhart, and Enrique Mendoza, 1995, “Reflections on Mexico’s Balance-of-Payments Crisis: A Chronicle of a Death Foretold” (unpublished, Center of International Economics, University of Maryland, October).
Camard, Wayne, 1996, “Discretion with Rules? Lessons from the Currency Board Arrangement in Lithuania,” IMF Policy Paper on Analysis and Assessment 96/1 (Washington: International Monetary Fund, March).
Central Bank of the Argentine Republic, 1992, Charter General Provisions, September 23.
Collyns, Charles, 1983, Alternatives to the Central Bank in the Developing World, IMF Occasional Paper No. 20 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Davies, Gareth, and David Vines, 1995, “Equilibrium Currency Crises: Are Multiple Equilibria Self-Fulfilling or History Dependent?” Centre for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper No. 1239 (September).
Dornbusch, Rudiger, 1982, “Stabilization Policies in Developing Countries: What Have We Learned?” World Development, Vol. 10 (September), pp. 701–708.
Drazen, Allan, and Paul R. Masson, 1994, “Credibility of Policies Versus Credibility of Policymakers,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 109 (August 1994), pp. 735–54.
Eichengreen, Barry, 1994, “Central Bank Cooperation and Exchange Rate Commitments: The Classical and Interwar Gold Standards Compared,” Financial History Review, 1994.
Eichengreen, Barry, Andrew K. Rose and Charles Wyplosz, 1994, “Speculative Attacks on Pegged Exchange Rates: An Empirical Exploration with Special Reference to the European Monetary System,” NBER Working Paper No. 4898 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research, October).
Fernández, Roque, and Liliana Schumacher, 1996, “Does Argentina Provide a Case for Narrow Banking?” presented at the World Bank Conference on Preventing Banking Crises in Latin America held in Washington on April 15–16.
Fischer, Stanley, 1993, “Seignorage and Official Dollarization” in Proceedings of a Conference on Currency Substitution and Currency Boards, ed. by Nissan Liviatan, World Bank Discussion Papers No. 207 (Washington: World Bank).
Friedman, Milton, 1959, A Program for Monetary Stability (New York: Fordham University Press).
Garcia, Gillian G. G., 1996 “Deposit Insurance: Obtaining the Benefits and Avoiding the Pitfalls,” IMF Working Paper 96/83 (Washington: International Monetary Fund, August).
Gavin, Michael, and Ricardo Hausman, 1995, “The Roots of Banking Crises: The Macroeconomic Context,” Inter-American Development Bank.
Goodfriend, Marvin, and Robert G. King, 1988, “Financial Deregulation, Monetary Policy, and Central Banking,” Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Vol. 74 (June), pp. 7–22.
Guitián, Manuel, 1992, “Rules and Discretion in International Economic Policy,” IMF Occasional Paper, No. 97 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Guitián, Manuel, 1994, “Rules and Discretion in Monetary Policy,” in Frameworks for Monetary Stability: Policy, Issues, and Country Experiences, eds. Tomas J. T. Baliño and C. Cottarelli (Washington, International Monetary Fund), pp. 19–41.
Guitián, Manuel, 1995, “Currency Boards and Gold,” remarks to a Conference on Gold and International Markets, sponsored by the World Gold Council (in New York on March 10).
Gunasekera H.A. de S., 1962, From Dependent Currency to Central Banking in Ceylon: An Analysis of Monetary Experience 1825–1957 (London: London School of Economics and Political Science).
Halpern, Lazlo, and Charles Wyplosz, 1994, “Equilibrium Exchange Rates in Transition,” Center for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper No. 1145.
Hanke, Steve H., and Kurt Schuler, 1991, “Keynes’ Russian Currency Board” in Capital Markets and Development, by Steve H. Hanke and A.A. Walters (San Francisco, Institute for Contemporaries Studies Press).
Hanke, Steve H., and Kurt Schuler, 1994, Currency Boards for Developing Countries: A Handbook (San Francisco: ICS Press).
Ho, Thomas S.Y., and Anthony Saunders, 1981, “The Determinants of Bank Interest Margins: Theory and Empirical Evidence,” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 26 (November).
Hong Kong Monetary Authority, 1994, Annual Report Hong Kong).
Hong Kong Monetary Authority, 1995, “Monetary and Exchange Rate Management with International Capital Mobility: The Case of Hong Kong,” Quarterly Bulletin (February).
Hong Kong Monetary Authority, 1994, The Practice of Central Banking in Hong Kong.
Honohan, Patrick, 1994, “Currency Board or Central Bank? Lessons from the Irish Pound’s Link with Sterling, 1928–79,” Centre for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper No. 1040 (October).
Humpage, Owen F., and Jean M. McIntire, 1995, “An Introduction to Currency Boards,” Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Vol. 31, No. 2.
Ize, Alain, 1996, “Capital Inflows in the Baltic Countries, Russia, and Other Countries of the Former Soviet Union: Monetary and Prudential Issues,” IMF Working Paper 96/22 (Washington: International Monetary Fund, February).
Ize, Alain, and G.A. Mackenzie, 1992, “Assets Freeze and Stabilization: Lessons from Argentina and Brazil” (unpublished, March).
Jiménez, Rafael Olarra, 1976, Evolución Monetaria Argentina (Buenos Aires: Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires).
Kaminsky, Graciela L., and Carmen M. Reinhart, 1996, “The Twin Crises: The Causes of Banking and Balance of Payments Problems,” International Finance Discussion Papers, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, No. 544 (March).
Kiguel, Miguel, and Nissan Liviatan, 1992, “The Business Cycle Associated with Exchange Rate Based Stabilization,” World Bank Economic Review, Vol. 6 (May), pp. 279–305.
Klein, Michael W., and Nancy P. Marion, 1994, “Explaining the Duration of Exchange-Rate Pegs,” NBER Working Paper No. 4651 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau for Economic Research, February).
Lindgren, Carl-Johan, Gillian, Garcia, and Mathew I. Saal, eds., 1996, Bank Soundness and Macroeconomic Policy (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
Machinea, Jose Luis, 1996, “The Argentine Financial Crisis of 1995: Causes, Characteristics and Lessons” (unpublished; January).
Marston, David, 1995, “Financial Sector Reform in Jamaica During 1985–92: Possible Lessons for the Caribbean,” IMF Working Paper 95/90 (Washington: International Monetary Fund, September).
McKinnon Ronald I., 1963, “Optimum Currency Areas,” American Economic Review, Vol. 53 (September), pp. 00–00.
McKinnon Ronald I., and Huw Pill, 1995, “Credible Liberalizations and International Capital Flows: The Over-Borrowing Syndrome” (unpublished; Stanford University, March).
Mundell, Robert A., 1961, “A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas,” American Economic Review, Vol. 1 (September), pp. 657–65.
Nascimento, Jean-Claude, 1994, “Monetary Policy in Unified Currency Areas: The Case of the CAMA and ECCA During 1976–90,” IMF Working Paper 94/11 (Washington: International Monetary Fund, January).
Obstfeld, Maurice, 1994, “The Logic of Currency Crises,” NBER Working Paper No. 4640 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau for Economic Research, February).
Obstfeld, Maurice, 1995, “Models of Currency Crises with Self-Fulfilling Features,” NBER Working Paper No. 5285 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau for Economic Research, October).
Obstfeld, Maurice, 1991, “Destabilizing Effects of Exchange Rate Escape Causes,” NBER Working Paper No. 3603 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, National Bureau for Economic Research, January).
Obstfeld, Maurice, and Kenneth Rogoff, 1995, “The Mirage of Fixed Exchange Rates,” NBER Working Paper No. 5191 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, National Bureau for Economic Research, July).
Osband, Kent, and Delano Villanueva, 1993, “Independent Currency Authorities: An Analytic Primer,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 40 (March), pp. 202–16.
Pilling, David, 1996, “Tucumán’s Monopoly Money Wages,” Financial Times, February 13.
Rebelo, Sergio, and Carlos Végh, 1995, “Real Effects of Exchange-Rate-Based Stabilizations: An Analysis of Competing Theories,” in NBER Macroeconomics Annual 1995 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press).
Reinhart, Carmen M., and Carlos Végh, “Do Exchange-Rate-Based Stabilizations Carry the Seeds of Their Own Destruction?,” a paper presented in the session on Empirical Aspects of Exchange Rates at the American Economic Association Meetings, 1996.
Republic of Singapore, 1967, Currency Act.
Republic of Singapore, 1965, White Paper on Currency.
Richards, Anthony, and Gunnar Tersman, 1995, “Growth, Nontradables, and Price Convergence in the Baltics,” IMF Working Paper 95/45 (Washington, International Monetary Fund, April).
Rodríguez, Carlos A., 1982, “The Argentine Stabilization Plan of December 20th,” World Development, No. 10, pp. 801–11.
Rodríguez, Carlos A., 1993, “Money and Credit Under Currency Substitution,” Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, Vol. 40 (June), pp. 414–26.
Rojas-Suárez, Liliana, and Steven R. Weisbrod, 1996, “Towards an Effective Regulatory and Supervisory Framework for Latin America” (unpublished; Inter-American Development Bank, September).
Saavalainen, Tapio O., 1995, “Stabilization in the Baltic Countries: A Comparative Analysis,” IMF Working Paper 95/44 (Washington: International Monetary Fund, January).
Sachs, Jeffrey, Aaron Tornell, and Andres Velasco, 1995, “Collapse of the Mexican Peso: What Have We Learned?” NBER Working Paper 5142 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research, June).
Sachs, Jeffrey, Aaron Tornell, and Andres Velasco, Aaron Tornell, and Andres Velasco, 1996, “Financial Crises in Emerging Markets: The Lessons from 1995,” Brooking Papers on Economic Activity: 1 (Brookings Institution), pp. 147–215.
Salera, Virgil, 1941, Exchange Control and the Argentine Market (New York: Columbia University Press).
Schwarz, Anna, 1993, “Currency Boards: Their Past, Present, and Possible Future Role,” Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, Vol. 39, pp. 147–93.
Sjaastad, Larry, 1993, “Dollarization and Real Interest Rates,” in Proceedings of a Conference on Currency Substitution and Currency Boards, ed. by Nissan Liviatan, World Bank Discussion Papers 207 (Washington: World Bank).
Stoker, J., 1995, “Intermediation and the Business Cycle Under a Specie Standard: The Role of the Gold Standard in English Financial Crises, 1790–1850” (Ph.D. thesis; University of Chicago, Department of Economics, June).
Walters, Alan, 1992, “Currency Boards” in The New Palgrave Money, ed. by Peter Newman, Murray Mil-gate and John Eatwell (W.W. Norton & Co.), pp. 109–14.
Williamson, John, 1995, What Role For Currency Boards? Policy Analyses in International Economics, No. 40 (Washington: Institute for International Economics, September).
Zarazaga, Carlos E., 1995, “Argentina, Mexico, and Currency Boards: Another Case of Rules Versus Discretion,” Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Fourth Quarter, pp. 14–24.
International Monetary Fund Copyright © 2010-2021. All Rights Reserved.