Central banks and other public financial institutions (PFIs) play an important role as agents of fiscal policy in many IMF member countries. Their activities in this guise can affect the overall public sector balance (the balance of both the nonfinancial and the financial public sectors), without affecting the budget deficit as conventionally measured. These activities, which are often referred to as quasi-fiscal operations or activities (QFAs), may also have important allocative effects.1 Moreover, they entail an increase in the effective role and size of the public sector.
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