This section addresses two main questions: (1) How has agricultural policy in EC countries developed over time; and (2) how does the Common Agricultural Policy work?
Anderson, Kym, and Rodney Tyers, “European Community Grain and Meat Policies and U.S. Retaliation: Effects on International Prices, Trade and Welfare,” European Review of Agricultural Economics (Amsterdam), Vol. 11, No. 4 (1984), pp. 367–94.
Australia, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Policies in the European Community: Their Origins, Nature and Effects on Production and Trade (Canberra: Government Publications Service, 1985).
Bale, Malcolm D., and Ernst Lutz, Trade Restrictions and International Price Instability, World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 303 (Washington: World Bank, October 1978).
Bale, Malcolm D., and Ernst Lutz, (1979a), “The Effects of Trade Intervention on International Price Instability,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics (St. Paul, Minnesota), Vol. 61 (August 1979), pp. 512–16.
Bale, Malcolm D., and Ernst Lutz, (1979b), Price Distortions in Agriculture and Their Effects: An International Comparison, World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 359 (Washington: World Bank, 1979).
Bale, Malcolm D., and Ernst Lutz, “Price Distortions in Agriculture and Their Effects: An International Comparison,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics (St. Paul, Minnesota), Vol. 63 (February 1981), pp. 8–22.
Berck, Peter, and Andrew Schmitz, “Price Supports in the Context of International Trade,” in International Agricultural Trade: Advanced Readings in Price Formation, Market Structure, and Price Stability, ed. by Gary G. Storey, Andrew Schmitz, Alexander H. Sarris (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1984).
Blandford, David, “Instability in World Grain Markets,” Journal of Agricultural Economics (Reading, England), Vol. 34 (September 1983), pp. 379–95.
Breckling, Jens, Sally Thorpe, and Andy Stoeckel, Effects of EC Agricultural Policies: A General Equilibrium Approach, Initial Results (Canberra: Bureau of Agricultural Economics and Centre for International Economics, 1987).
Buckwell, Allan E., and others, The Costs of the Common Agricultural Policy (London; Canberra: Croom Helm, 1982).
Burniaux, Jean-Marc, and Jean Waelbroeck, “The Impact of the CAP on Developing Countries: A General Equilibrium Analysis,” in Pressure Groups, Policies and Development: EEC and the Third World: A Survey 5, ed. by Christopher Stevens and Joan Verloren van Themaat (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1985).
Caspari, Conrad, The Common Agricultural Policy: The Direction of Change, Special Report No. 159 (London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 1983).
Chisholm, Tony, and Rodney Tyers, “Agricultural Protection and Market Insulation Policies: Applications of a Dynamic Multi-sectoral Model,” in New Developments in Applied General Equilibrium Analysis, ed. by John Piggott and John Whalley (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
Commission des Communautés Européennes, Agri-Monétaire: Evolution des Ecarts (Brussels, CEC), various issues.
Commission des Communautés Européennes, Dépense publiques en faveur de l’agriculture, Etude p. 229 (Brussels: CEC, November 1984).
Commission of the European Communities, Economic Effects of the Agri-Monetary System (Commission Communication to the Council), COM(78)20 final (Brussels, February 10, 1978).
Commission of the European Communities, Spokesman’s Service, Information Memo P-44 (Brussels, July 1982).
Commission of the European Communities, Common Agricultural Policy—Proposals of the Commission, COM(83) 500 final (Brussels, July 28, 1983).
Commission of the European Communities, Commission Communication to the Council on the Economic Effects of the Agri-Monetary System (Updated to 1984), COM(84) 95 final (Brussels, April 26, 1984).
Commission of the European Communities, (1985a), A Future for Community Agriculture (Commission Guidelines Following the Consultations in Connection with the Green Paper), COM(85) 750 final (Brussels, December 18, 1985).
Commission of the European Communities, (1985b), Green Europe, “General Description of the Mechanisms of the Community Agricultural Market,” Part I: Crop Products and Part 2: Livestock Products, Nos. 209 and 210 (Brussels, March and April 1985).
Commission of the European Communities, (1985c), Green Europe, “The Guarantee Thresholds and the CAP,” No. 207 (Brussels, January 1985).
Commission of the European Communities, (1985d), Perspectives for the Common Agricultural Policy, COM(85)333 final (Brussels, July 15, 1985).
Commission of the European Communities, (1986a), Emergency Action in the Milk Sector, COM(86)510 final (Brussels, September 11, 1986).
Commission of the European Communities, (1986b), European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund—Significance and Functioning (Brussels, 1986).
Commission of the European Communities, (1986c), The Situation on the Agricultural Markets—1986 Report (Report from the Commission to the Council), COM(86)700 final (Brussels, December 23, 1986).
Commission of the European Communities, (1987a), The Agricultural Situation in the Community—1986 Report (Brussels; Luxembourg, 1987).
Commission of the European Communities, (1987b), Commission Proposals on the Prices for Agricultural Products and on Related Measures (1987/88), COM(87)1 final, Vol. I (Brussels, March 4, 1987).
Commission of the European Communities, (1987c), Implementation of Agricultural Stabilizers, Vol. I, COM(87)452 final (Brussels, October 1, 1987).
Commission of the European Communities, (1987d), Report on the Agrimonetary System (Submitted by the Commission), COM(87)64 final (Brussels, February 27, 1987).
Commission of the European Communities, (1987e), Review of Action Taken to Control the Agricultural Markets and Outlook for the Common Agricultural Policy, COM(87)410 final (Brussels, August 3, 1987).
Commission of the European Communities, (1987f), Spokesman’s Service, Information Memo P(87)64 (Brussels, October 7, 1987).
Commission of the European Communities, (1988a), The Agricultural Situation in the Community—1987 Report (Brussels; Luxembourg, 1988).
Commission of the European Communities, (1988b), Preliminary Draft General Budget of the European Communities for the Financial Year 1989, COM(88)290 final (Brussels, June 8, 1988).
Commission of the European Communities, (1988c), Spokesman’s Service, Common Agricultural Policy: 4 Years of Reform (Brussels, June 1988).
Commission of the European Communities, (1988d), Spokesman’s Service, Information Memo P-59 (Brussels, May 10, 1988).
Commission of the European Communities, Bulletin of the European Communities (Brussels), various issues.
Commission of the European Communities, Official Journal of the European Communities (Brussels), various issues.
Communauté Economique Européenne, Commission, Propositions Concernant l’Elaboration et la Mise en Oeuvre de la Politique Agricole Commune en Vertu de l’Article 43 du Traité Instituant la Communauté Economique Européenne, COM(60)105 (Brussels, June 30, 1960).
Communauté Economique Européenne, Commission, Memorandum sur la Réforme de l’Agriculture dans la Communauté Economique Européenne, Commission of the European Communities (Brussels), December 18, 1968.
Corden, W.M., “The Calculation of the Cost of Protection,” Economic Record (Melbourne), Vol. 33 (April 1957). pp. 29–51.
Corden, W.M., The Theory of Protection (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971).
Currie, John Martin, John A. Murphy, Andrew Schmitz, “The Concept of Economic Surplus and Its Use in Economic Analysis,” Economic Journal (Cambridge), Vol. 81 (December 1971), pp. 741–99.
Dicke, Hugo, and others, “Effects of Agricultural Trade Liberalization on West Germany’s Economy,” paper prepared for a conference organized by the American Enterprise Institute, Washington, and the Centre for International Economics, Canberra, May 26-27, 1988 (Washington).
Dixon, Peter, and others, ORANI—A Multisectoral Model of the Australian Economy (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1982).
European News Agency, The Crisis in European Agriculture, study compiled by Le Club de Bruxelles and Jacqueline Smith and Yves Clarisse (Brussels, 1986).
Georgakopoulos, Theodore A., “Greece in the European Communities: A View of the Economic Impact of Accession,” Royal Bank of Scotland Review (Edinburgh), No. 150 (June 1986), pp. 29–40.
Georgakopoulos, Theodore A., and Panagiotis G. Paschos, “Greek Agriculture and the CAP,” European Review of Agricultural Economics (Amsterdam), Vol. 12, No. 3 (1985), pp. 247–62.
Gerken, E., The Determinants of European Agricultural Trade Interference, Working Paper No. 254 (Kiel: Institut für Weltwirtschaft an der Universität Kiel, 1986).
Germany (Federal Republic of), Statistisches Bundesamt, Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnungen, Fachserie 18, Reihe 2: Input-Output-Tabellcn 1980, (Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1984).
Harberger, Arnold C., “Using the Resources at Hand More Effectively,” American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings of the Seventy-First Annual Meeting (Nashville, Tennessee), Vol. 49 (May 1959), pp. 134–46.
Harling, Kenneth F., “Agricultural Protectionism in Developed Countries: Analysis of Systems of Intervention,” European Review of Agricultural Economics (Amsterdam), Vol. 10, No. 3 (1983), pp. 223–47.
Harling, Kenneth F., and Robert L. Thompson, “Government Intervention in Poultry Industries: A Cross-Country Comparison.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics (St. Paul. Minnesota), Vol. 67 (May 1985), pp. 243–56.
Harris, Simon, A. Swinbank, and Guy Wilkinson, The Food and Farm Policies of the European Community (Chichester, England; New York: John Wiley, 1983).
Heidhues, Theodor, and others, Common Prices and Europe’s Farm Policy, Thames Essay No. 14 (London: Trade Policy Research Centre, 1978).
International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics (Washington: International Monetary Fund), various issues.
Jacquemin, Alexis, and André Sapir, “European Integration or World Integration?” Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv (Kiel), No. 124/1 (1988), pp. 127–38.
Johnson, Harry G., “The Cost of Protection and the Scientific Tariff,” Journal of Political Economy (Chicago), Vol. 68 (August 1960), pp. 327–45.
Josling, T.E., “Questions for Farm Policy in an Enlarged European Community,” World Economy (London), Vol. 2 (September 1979), pp. 343–62.
Kirkpatrick, G., “Liberalizing the Trade Regime in Germany—An Applied General Equilibrium Analysis” (unpublished, Kiel, 1987).
Klau, Friedrich, and Axel Mittelstädt, “Labor Market and Flexibility,” OECD Economic Studies, No. 6 (Spring 1986). Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (Paris), pp. 8–45.
Koester, Ulrich, “The Redistributional Effects of the Common Agricultural Financial System,” European Review of Agricultural Economics (Amsterdam), Vol. 4, No. 4 (1977), pp. 321–45.
Koester, Ulrich, Policy Options for the Grain Economy of the European Community: Implications for Developing Countries, Research Report No. 35 (Washington: International Food Policy Research Institute, 1982).
Koester, Ulrich, “Agricultural Market Intervention and International Trade,” European Review of Agricultural Economics (Amsterdam), Vol. 12, No. 1/2 (1985), pp. 87–103.
Koester, Ulrich, and Malcolm D. Bale, The Common Agriculture Policy of the European Community: A Blessing or a Curse for Developing Countries? World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 630 (Washington: World Bank, 1984).
Koester, Ulrich, and Peter Michael Schmitz, “EC Sugar Market Policy and Developing Countries,” European Review of Agricultural Economics (Amsterdam), Vol. 9, No. 2 (1982), pp. 183–204.
Koester, Ulrich, and S. Tangermann, “European Agricultural Policies and International Agriculture,” (unpublished background paper prepared for the World Development Report, 1986, Washington: World Bank, 1986).
Koester, Ulrich, and Alberto Valdcs, “Reform of the CAP: Impact on the Third World,” Food Policy (Guildford, England), Vol. 9 (May 1984), pp. 94–98.
Lächler, Ulrich, “Elasticity of Substitution Between Imported and Domestically Produced Goods in Germany,” Wettwirtschaftliches Archiv (Kiel), Vol. 121, No. 1 (1985), pp. 74–96.
Lluch, Constantino, Allan A. Powell, and Ross A. Williams, Patterns in Household Demand and Saving (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977).
Loo, Tom, and Edward Tower, “Agricultural Protectionism and the Less Developed Countries: The Relationship Between Agricultural Prices, Debt Servicing Capacities and the Need for Development Aid,” paper presented at a conference organized by the American Enterprise Institute, Washington, and the Centre for International Economics, Canberra, May 26–27, 1988 (Washington).
Mackel, C., and J. Marsch, “Western Europe and the South (2): The Common Agricultural Policy,” Third World Quarterly (London), Vol. 6 (January 1984). pp. 131–44.
Matthews, Alan (1985a), “The CAP and Developing Countries: A Review of the Evidence,” in Pressure Groups, Policies and Development:EEC and the Third World: A Survey 5, ed. by Christopher Stevens and Joan Verloren van Themaat (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1985).
Matthews, Alan (1985b), The Common Agricultural Policy and the Less Developed Countries (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1985).
Morris, C.N., “The Common Agricultural Policy,” Fiscal Studies (London), Vol. 1 (March 1980), pp. 17–35.
Nerlove, Marc, The Dynamics of Supply: Estimation of Farmers’ Response to Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1958).
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Problems of Agricultural Trade (Paris: OECD, 1982).
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, National Policies and Agricultural Trade (Paris: OECD, 1987).
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Report on Monitoring and Outlook of Agricultural Policies, Markets and Trade, mimeographed (Paris: OECD, 1988).
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Foreign Trade Statistics (Paris: OECD), various issues.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Labour Force Statistics (Paris: OECD), various issues.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, National Accounts (Paris: OECD), various issues.
Sampson, Gary P., and Alexander J. Yeats, “An Evaluation of the Common Agricultural Policy as a Barrier Facing Agricultural Exports to the European Economic Community,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics (St. Paul, Minnesota), Vol. 59 (February 1977), pp. 99–106.
Sarris, Alexander H., “European Community Enlargement and World Trade in Fruits and Vegetables,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics (St. Paul, Minnesota), Vol. 65 (May 1983), pp. 235–46.
Sarris, Alexander H., and John Freebairn, “Endogenous Price Policies and International Wheat Prices,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics (St, Paul, Minnesota), Vol. 65 (May 1983), pp. 214–24.
Scandizzo, Pasquale L., and Colin Bruce, Methodologies for Measuring Agricultural Price Intervention Effects, World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 394 (Washington: World Bank, 1980).
Schmitz, Peter M., and Ulrich Koester, “The Sugar Market Policy of the European Community and the Stability of World Market Prices for Sugar,” in International Agricultural Trade: Advanced Readings in Price Formation, Market Structure, and Price Stability, ed. by Gary G. Storey, Andrew Schmitz, and Alexander H. Sarris (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1984).
Services des Publications des Communautés Européennes, Recueil des Documents de ta Conférence Agricole des Etals Membres de la Communauté Economique Européenne (Stresa, Italy, July 3–12, 1958).
Spencer, John, “The European Economic Community: General Equilibrium Computations and the Economic Implications of Membership,” in New Developments in Applied General Equilibrium Analysis, ed. by John Piggott and John Whalley (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
Spencer, John, “Trade Liberalization through Tariff Cuts and the European Economic Community: A General Equilibrium Evaluation,” in General Equilibrium Trade Policy Modeling, ed. by T.N. Srinivasan and John Whalley (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1986).
Statistical Office of the European Communities, Eurostat, Agricultural Income: Sectoral Incomes Index Analysis, 1986 (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the EC, 1987).
Statistical Office of the European Communities, Eurostat, Agricultural Income, 1987 (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the EC, 1988).
Statistical Office of the European Communities, Eurostat, Agricultural Prices (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the EC), various issues.
Statistical Office of the European Communities, Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics (Luxembourg), various issues.
Stevens, Christopher, ed., EEC and the Third World: A Survey 4: Renegotiating Lomé (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1984).
Stoeckel, Andy, and Jens Breckling, “Some Economy-Wide Effects of Agricultural Policies in the European Community: A General Equilibrium Study,” paper presented at a conference organized by the American Enterprise Institute, Washington, and the Centre for International Economics, Canberra, May 26–27, 1988 (Washington).
Svedberg, Peter, “EEC Variable Import Levies and the Stability of International Grain Markets,” Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics (Bombay), Vol. 36, No. 1 (1981), pp. 58–66.
Tangermann, Stefan, “Agricultural Trade Relations Between the EC and Temperate Food Exporting Countries,” European Review of Agricultural Economics (Amsterdam), Vol. 5, No. 3/4 (1978). pp. 201–219.
Tangermann, Stefan, “Policies of the European Community and Agricultural Trade with Developing Countries,” in Rural Change: The Challenge for Agricultural Economists, Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference of Agricultural Economists, ed. by Glenn Johnson and Allen Maunder (Farnborough, England: Gower, 1981).
Thomson, K.J., and D.R. Harvey, “The Efficiency of the Common Agricultural Policy,” European Review of Agricultural Economics (Amsterdam), Vol. 8, No. 1 (1981), pp. 57–83.
Traill, Bruce, “The Effect of Price Support Policies on Agricultural Investment, Employment, Farm Incomes and Land Values in the U.K.,” Journal of Agricultural Economics (Reading, England), Vol. 33 (September 1982), pp. 369–85.
Tyers, Rodney, “International Impacts of Protection: Model Structure and Results for EC Agricultural Policy,” Journal of Policy Modeling (New York), Vol. 7 (Summer 1985), pp. 219–51.
Tyers, Rodney, and Kym Anderson (1986a), “Distortions in World Food Markets: A Quantitative Assessment” (unpublished background paper prepared for the World Development Report, 1986 (Washington: World Bank, 1986)).
Tyers, Rodney, and Kym Anderson (1986b), “Global Interactions and Trade Liberalization in Agriculture” (unpublished paper prepared for the World Development Report, 1986 (Washington: World Bank, 1986)).
Tyers, Rodney, and Kym Anderson Liberalising OECD Agricultural Policies in the Uruguay Round: Effects on Trade and Welfare, Working Papers in Trade and Development, No. 87/10 (Canberra: Australian National University, Department of Economics, June 1987).
United States, Council of Economic Advisors, Annual Report of the Council of Economic Advisors (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1987).
United States, Council of Economic Advisors, Department of Agriculture, Government Intervention in Agriculture: Measurement, Evaluation, and Implications for Trade Negotiations (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1987).
Valdes, Alberto, “Agriculture in the Uruguay Round: Interests of Developing Countries,” World Bank Economic Review (Washington), Vol. 1 (September 1987), pp. 571–93.
Valdes, Alberto, and Joachim Zietz, Agricultural Protection in OECD Countries: Its Cost to Less-Developed Countries, Research Report No. 21 (Washington: International Food Policy Research Institute, 1980).
Whalley, John, “The North-South Debate and Terms of Trade: An Applied General Equilibrium Approach,” Review of Economics and Statistics (Cambridge, Massachusetts), Vol. 66 (May 1984), pp. 224–34.
Whalley, John, (1985a), “Hidden Challenges in Recent Applied General Equilibrium Exercises,” in New Developments in Applied General Equilibrium Analysis, ed. by John Piggott and John Whalley (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
Whalley, John, (1985b), Trade Liberalization Among Major World Trading Areas (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1985).
Winters, L. Alan, “The Economic Consequences of Agricultural Support: A Survey,” OECD Economic Studies, No. 9 (Autumn 1987), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (Paris), pp. 7–54.
von Witzke, Harald, “Endogenous Supranational Policy Decisions: The Common Agricultural Policy of the European Community,” Public Choice (The Hague), Vol. 48, No. 2 (1986), pp. 157–74.
World Bank, World Development Report, 1986 (Washington: World Bank; New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).
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