Operating as they do in some of the world’s more unpredictable and unstable countries, petroleum companies face considerable political risk. A hot topic in the energy sector at present is the expropriation of investment by host states. According to Erkan (2008), direct expropriation has been rather exceptional over the past two decades and has been replaced by indirect (creeping and regulatory) expropriation.
International Monetary Fund Copyright © 2010-2025. All Rights Reserved.